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Igneous Rocks can be formed in two ways. Extrusive and Intrusive.
Extrusive Rocks are formed from lava, outside of the earth's crust.
Examples: Gabbro, Granite, and Diorite.
Intrusive Rocks are formed from magma, inside of the earth.
Examples:Basalt, Andesite
Igneous Rocks are also classified by texture and composition.
Textures: Coarse-Grained and Fine-Grained
Compositions: Mafic, which is dark in color, Intermediate, which is in between Mafic and Felsic,and Felsic, which is made from light colored material.
The rock cycle is the process which allows rocks to change from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks into another type, as the result of many different factors, such as erosion, melting, re-melting, and metamorphism.
Melting
Magma
Cooling
Melting
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Igneous
Gabbro: extrusive
Granite: extrusive
Diorite: extrusive
Basalt: intrusive
Andesite:intrusive
Heat and Pressure
Metamorphic
Phyllite: foliated
Gneiss: foliated
Slate: foliated
Shist: foliated
Quartzite:non-foliated
Marble: non-foliated
WED
Lithification
Heat and
Pressure
Sedimentary
Shale: Clastic
Siltstone: Clastic
Sandstone: Clastic
Conglomerate:Clastic
Limestone: Chemical
Coal: Organic
Sediment
Sedimentary rocks are formed when weathering and erosion break down other rocks into sediments and the sediments are deposited by wind, gravity, or water into layers. Sedimentary rocks are classified into three groups,
Clastic, Chemical, and Organic Sedimentary rocks.
Clastic rocks are made from pieces of other rocks. Examples: Shale, Siltstone, Sandstone, and Conglomerate.
Chemical rocks are made from chemical reactions, or are the result of chemical reactions. They normally occur in water.
Example: Limestone.
Organic rocks are formed form dead organic materials.
Examples: Fossil-Rich Limestone, Coal.
Metamorphic rocks are formed from heat and pressure. If the rock is formed from contact metamorphism, it would occur when magma forces its way into existing rock. If the rock is formed from regional metamorphism, it takes place over a large area. Heat causes the mineral to shrink or melt. Pressure pushes minerals together and decreases the melting point. Hydrothermal solution dissolves the minerals and deposits new ones.
Metamorphic rocks can be classified as foliated or non-foliated.
Foliated rocks are formed in the earths interior under high amounts of heat and pressure.
Examples: Phyllite, Gneiss, Slate, and Shist
Non-foliated rocks are found around igneous instrusions, temperatures are high but the pressures are low.
Examples: Quartzite and Marble