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Naphtha

  • Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil.

  • It is a highly volatile product,manufactured from crude oil by direct atmospheric distillation and by catalytic cracking of heavy residues.

  • Naphtha marketed namely, High Aromatic Naphtha (HAN) and Low Aromatic Naphtha (LAN) known as Naphtha.

Why we use catalytic reforming?

The need for high quality gasolines (high-octane gasolines) has favored the use of catalytic reforming

catalytic cracking

catalytic cracking is one of the most important conversion processes used in petroleum refineries. It is widely used to convert the high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils to more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases, and other products.

Steam cracking

Steam cracking is a petrochemical process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons.

The products obtained depend on:

1- the composition of the feed

2- the hydrocarbon-to-steam ratio

3- the cracking temperature

4- furnace residence time

BTX

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene

Petrochemicals

Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum or natural gas. Primary petrochemicals are divided into three groups.

Petroleum refinery processes:

  • Steam reforming
  • Steam cracking
  • Catalytic reforming (our main interest)
  • Catalytic cracking

Contents

Groups of Petrochemicals:

Classification of Processes

  • Petrochemicals
  • Naphtha
  • Refinery process
  • BTX
  • References

  • Semi Regenerative catalytic reforming.
  • Cyclic catalytic reforming.
  • Continuous catalytic reforming(CCR)

1-olefins

2-Aromatics

3-Synthesis Gas

Supervisor :

Prof.Kamel Wagialla

Students :

Sidig Mohmed Sidig 112041

Safa Abd-Allah Osman 112042

Marwa Osman Eltyeb 112060

1-Olefins:

Are petrochemical derivatives produced by cracking feed stocks from raw materials such as natural gas and crude oil.

2- Aromatics:

Aromatics are a group of hydrocarbons that include,benzene,toluene and xylenes.

3. Synthesis Gas:

Is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Petrochemicals Aromatics From Naphtha

Basic steps in catalytic reforming involve

1-Feed preparation.

Preheating.

2-Catalytic Reforming and Catalyst Circulation and Regeneration.

3-Product separation.

4-Separation of aromatics.

Steam reforming

Catalytic Reforming:

Steam reforming is a method for producing hydrogen, carbon monoxide or other useful products from hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas.

Device: Steam Methane Reformer(SMR)

The reforming process is a catalytic process which converts low octane naphtha into higher octane reformates products for gasoline blending and aromatic rich reformate for aromatic production.

The four major catalytic reforming reactions are:

  • The Dehydrogenation of naphthenes.
  • The isomerization of normal paraffins.
  • The dehydrogenation and aromatization of paraffin.
  • The hydro cracking of paraffins.

Significant

Benzene, toluene, and xylene are all aromatic compounds important to the production of polymers other chemicals and numerous consumer products (solvents, paints, polishes, and pharmaceuticals ,TNT,nylons )

EXTRACTION OF AROMATICS (BTX)

The primary sources of (BTX) are refinery streams, especially from catalytic reforming and cracking, and pyrolysis gasoline from steam cracking and from coal liquids. The extracted components are separated through lengthy fractional distillation, crystallization, and isomerization processes.

VBA

References:

  • Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes,sami matar and lewis f.hatch ( second addition).
  • Petroleum processes Volume 1, A Chauvel and G Lefebvre, Institute rançais du Pétrole Publications, 1989.
  • Wikipedia
  • nptel.ac.in/courses/103107082/module6/lecture6/lecture6.pdf

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