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Paleomagnetism refers to the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field. Its study has demonstrated that the Earth's magnetic field has changed in orientation and intensity over time. Its possible because minerals such as magnetite in basalt and other igneous rocks become aligned with the Earth's magnetic field at the time of the rock's solidification.
Paleomagnetic evidence, both reversals and polar wandering data, was instrumental in verifying the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics in the 1960s and 70s.
The major areas are principally in the Northern Hemisphere; with the exception of Australia, the southern continents are relatively deficient in coal deposits. Permian coalfields are found in the southern continents — South America, India, southern Africa and Australia.
When the geology of eastern South America and West Africa was mapped it revealed that ancient rock outcrops over 2,000 million years old were continuous from one continent to the other. Any areas where there are gaps or overlaps may be explained by :
There are many examples of fossils found on separate continents and nowhere else, suggesting the continents were once joined. If Continental Drift had not occurred, the alternative explanations would be: