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Italy Timeline

World War I (1914 - 1919)

World War II (1939 - 1945)

The Italian Renaissance (1300 - 1500)

Age of Exploration (1505 - 1650)

Political

Economic

Religious/Social

When the Allies invaded Italy in 1943 caused the Italian economy, and the political structure, to rapidly collapse. The Allies and the Germans actually had to take over the administration of areas of Italy.

By invading Greece from Albania in 1940, Italy officially joins World War 2. This began the Greco-Italian War, which lasted about a year. Mussolini did so to prove to Hitler that he could lead Italy to similar military successes. Italy failed, and Hitler thought of this as a major strategic blunder, and believed Mussolini should have focused on North Africa instead.

Intellectual

Oligarchies: Wealthy merchants ruled each individual city-state in Northern Italy.

Banking industry created a lot of wealth in Northern Italian city-states, especially Florence, famous for being home to the Medici family. The first banks were created during this time period.

Religious

Social

Italy mainly fought against Austria-Hungary,Italy continued to attack Austria-Hungary with little progress and suffering big losses they could be considered a losing effort on a winning team and soon the war was over

Secularism: Although the majority remained christian, many people began to seek secular and material pleasures, such as fine arts, to make this life the best it can be.

By the end of the war Italy had been in the war for 3 years and in 1918 the country had high inflation and low employment rate but didn't think too much of it as they were expecting to be rewarded at the treaty of Versailles

Leading up to the Great War, Italy had created an alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Italy agreed to aid any of the three if they were being attacked. However, they didn't participate for the first year of the war, and were treated badly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles.

Movements from the Renaissance, such as individualism, were influential factors that caused the Europeans to explore the New World. The rebirth of classical studies from the Renaissance also allowed the discovery of new knowledge of math, astronomy and geography, creating a curiosity that spread throughout Europe.

In 1943, Italy and Germany are defending an invasion from the Allied Forces in Sicily. The Allies captured the island, and would use it to invade Italy. Victor Emmanuel III told Mussolini he was dismissed from office, but Hitler freed him the hotel where he was being held.

Europeans believed that, as Christians, they had a responsibility to travel to the New World and spread the religion.

Marco Polo was the first European explorer to travel as far as China, and not only brought back gunpowder, but also influenced other explorers that would come after him. He was highly influential because of the records and accounts that reached Europe and made people want to explore locations outside of their nation.

At the end of the war in 1945, Benito Mussolini was shot in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra, along with other fascists that accompanied him. His body was later hung at Piazzale Loreto

The first human torpedo was invented by Raffaele Rossetti in 1918. He created a new weapon that linked to enemy vessels underwater and explode under the ship hull. This invention was useful during World War 2, as Italy, Great Britain,Germany, and Japan all used it during naval battles. This weapon was originally called the "mignatta", which means "leech"

Four Years after the war, after a communist revolution Mussolini and his Blackshirts took power in Italy with their march on Rome

Intellectual

Social

Technological

Political

wireless telegraphy, invented by Italian Guglielmo Marconi in 1910, that allowed communication with ships at sea; radio and telephone that allowed communications over land;

Technological

Economic

Up until the Age of Exploration, the Venetians had a monopoly on the trade routes to and from India. The bond between India and Italy was broken by Portugal during the Age.

Mercantilism spread throughout Europe, especially among the city-states that made up Italy. The form of economy was used to counter the influx of gold and silver damaging the European economy.

Renaissance thinkers, philosophers and writers, read classical era texts to understand human nature. This type of study was known as humanism. Famous humanists included Baldassare Castiglione (The Courtier), Niccoló Machiavelli (The Prince) and Giovanni Boccaccio (Decameron)

New technologies such as the new caravel (sailboat with square and triangle sails), the compass and astrolabe allowed Venetian merchants to more easily navigate the seas.

The Renaissance marked the first time in history that the place of women in society was questioned. It was then that the first feminists came into the spotlight, such as Christine de Pizan and Isabella D'Este

Without the architectural advancements made in Italy during the Renaissance, much of its splendor would be lost, as its grand architectural style was important in characterizing the time period. Brunelleschi's Dome in Florence demonstrates this style and the new incorporation of the dome.

1400

Interwar Period (1919 - 1939)

The Nationalism Era (1830-1870)

Counter Reformation Era

Italy had to pay for their war efforts and were in debt and was 6 times their prewar debt , they had to borrow money to help pay their war efforts.

Benito Mussolini started his fascist party with his blackshirts and believed that Italy needs to restore their power back to the glory Rome days. Mussolini later marched and took power

The Revolutions of 1848 occurred all throughout Europe. The one in Italy was called the "Young Italy" movement, Guiseppe Mazzini was the leader of this movement. Metternich also destroyed this movement, however, Italy would someday see itself become a unified state and free from Austrian rule.

In 1919, Enzo Ferrari began working for a small car company called the CMN, taking used truck bodies and redesigning them into small passenger cars. He was the founder for what is one of the most lucrative automobile companies in Ferrari.

Many secret nationalist societies were formed during this period. One of the more well-known ones was the Carbonari ("charcoal burners") who wanted to drive out the Austrians ruling Northern Italy. Metternich ended the small revolts created by this group.

Religious

Intellectual

Social

After Napoleon came to power, the Italian peninsula was taken over by the French for the second time, and thus divided into three parts: The northern parts annexed by French Empire, Kingdom of Italy, and the Kingdom of Naples. The occupation of France in Italy also brought revolutionary ideas regarding government, leading to an uprising.

The Council of Trent began the Counter Reformation by rejecting all teachings of Luther. It also reformed the actions of the church, such as indulgences, simony, etc.

The Jesuits were members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, who was a Spanish catholic. The Jesuits established schools all around Europe and even in later America.

It was the Catholic Church that made Baroque art popular in Europe. They hoped it would display their power and convince people to be loyal to the pope.

In 1926, Grazia Deledda becomes the first ever Italian women to win the Noble Prize for Literature

In 1937, The League of Nations imposed sanctions of Italy for invading Abyssinia, and this led them to leave the League of Nations.

In September of 1937, Hitler and Mussolini reached an agreement after Hitler brought the fascist leader to Germany and displayed the military power of the Nazis. This convinced Mussolini to ally with the Germans because of their power, and he believed that Italy would become more powerful through the alliance.

Count Cavour used new economic programs that consisted of building railroads and expanding trade with other countries and states of Italy. The new wealth was used to strengthen the army of Piedmont Sardinia in order to fight off the Austrian powers.

Political

Economic

Pope Pius IX actually opposed the unification of Italy and favored the Bourbon rule of Naples and Sicily. Thus the Italians looked to a different leadership to support their desires. They would find their support with Count Camillo di Cavour, King Victor Emmanuel II's prime minister.

In the year 1800, the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invented the battery. Sometimes referred to as the voltaic pile, his battery was the first object that created a constant electric current. The unit for measurement in electricity, the volt, was named after him.

Indulgences were no longer used in place of offering to the church. The church had to raise its own money through anything but indulgences.

The Italian city-states of Milan and Naples, in addition to some other European territories, were given to Philip II of Spain when Charles V abdicated his throne over the Holy Roman Empire. Philip would begin to feud with countries such as the Netherlands and England because of his inheritance.

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