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Classic Political
Philosophy
18 century
1936
1953
1956
Where does normative political theory stand now?
Therefore
investigation of empirical experience
logical relations between concepts
- from positivism to criticizing positivism
- the concept of language games
- Challenge logical positivism
- meaningless language formation are actually meaningful.
- shared understanding of rules
- Language as a way of making the world knowable in different ways. (Wittgenstein)
- Different language games are perfectly meaningful. (Wittgenstein)
-Separation between real experience and language is false. (Winch)
- Language constitutes reality.
-From linguistic clarification to understanding social interaction (shared meanings and understandings).
- positivism ignores the symbolic character of social relations.
- Therefore: interpretation rather than causal explanation. (understand rather than predict)
- Interpretive approach makes us take normative language seriously on its own terms.
- importance of normative aspects in political concepts.
-social behaviour in general
-social action : conceptual structure: normative elements.
- It does not bring back classical normative inquiry. because it excludes the claim that there are ultimate metaphysical truths beyond appearances.
- The job is to understand different world views.
-There is not standing point of view from which one can make critical claims.
- relativism
- marginalizing explanatory approaches and limiting the role of social scientist
Premature Obituaries.
Alternatives which rejected the positivist revision.
Mid Twentieth Century
- relationship to Marxist critique.
-radical critique is not made on speculative principles (human nature, the good), but on analysis of real structural dynamics.
-Investigate the circumstances of receding radicalism.
- Critical studying of ideology.
-Positivism as a world view is a dominant Ideology promising liberation through technical rationality, while it actually disempowers.
- Central to the human condition is a form of rationality ( rational debate- communicative action).
- Criteria: truth, sincerity, moral appropriateness and intelligibility.
-Ideal speech situation: communication that is free from distortion, guided by the force of better argument, and consensus.
- Emancipatory/critical knowledge. (in addition to empirical and interpretive).
-Identify systematic distortions, expose structures of power/interests, and a commitment to social change.
- ُّّّIt doesn't tell us what is good, but how the good should be debated and reached.
- It affirms general principles true by reference to fundamental human condition. (Deontology =duty -based)
- criticize the imposition of a single vision.
- his model is still exclusionary with respect to some voices.
- feminist critique.
Political Philosophy in its traditional form is no longer a viable discipline.
- people go on asking value-judgements questions. They are not meaningless.
- There will never be an agreement.
- We inhabit a world of plural value configurations.
- not complete relativism
- He also wanted to justify the liberal order.
Who defended traditional political philosophy then?
Against?
John Rawls
- Contract theory (veil of ignorance)
- Rational Choice model,
- Maximization of basic liberties,
redistribution for the less well-off.
- ٍrational and unbiased choice.
- A theory of justice for basic institutional arrangements.
Logical Positivism/Logical empiricism
- assuming individuals are strangers.
-role of communities
Positivism
(Broad movement)
contributing to collective welfare is unacceptable
Because classical questions were not based on what count as real and objective knowledge