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http://megan-jungwi.suite101.com/predators-and-prey-of-the-galapagos-penguin-a199338

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/sharkkey/images/galapagos3.jpg

Resources for Life

One behavioural adaptation for getting food and water occurs when the penguins are moulting. Most of the world's penguins live in the colder, Antartic regions of the world. This means that they are unable to go into the water during moulting, for they would freeze to death because they would have no protection from the icy waters without their feathers. Many penguins in colder climates will starve to death because they can't feed in the water without their feathers. The Galapagos penguin though lives in a much warmer part of the world. Even with their coat of feathers not full and water protective they have learned that instead of starvation during moulting they can go into the ocean to feed.

http://www.photovolcanica.com/PenguinSpecies/Galapagos/GAL10_3215.JPG

Behavioural Adaptations

http://www.waynelynch.ca/Galapagos_islands/59-Galapagos_Penguin_103.jpg

Avoiding Predators

Structural Adaptations

The Galapagos penguin has multiple structural adaptations that help it avoid its predators. One of these includes the colouration of its body. Its underside (belly) is white in colour and this helps it to avoid predators while it is swimming. This can help it escape from its predators because if a predator such as a shark is hunting it from underneath, when it looks up, the reflection of the sun will make the water seem very light coloured if not white. This means that the penguin will blend in and is less likely to be seen. Whereas if its underbelly was a darker colour it would stand out a lot more. On the otherhand, if something is hunting from above and thus looking down into the water while the penguin is swimming, the penguin will blend in with the dark water.

The Galapagos penguin has multiple behavioural adaptations for avoiding predators. One of these is to avoid predators while it is swiming. When being chased by predators underwater, the penguins can porpoise. This means that as they are swimming, they jump in and out of the water. This is the same action that dolphins do when they are swimming. Doing this enables the penguins to not lose any speed and continue swimming while being able to breath regularly. Another behavioural adaptation that it has for avoiding predators in the water is hunching its shoulders. This enables the body to become more streamlined and therefore swim faster through the water.

Reproduction

Avoiding Predators

Resources for Survivial

http://cdn2.arkive.org/media/8E/8EA577B0-8994-439A-8DF0-3AC9335C7BDB/Presentation.Large/Galapagos-penguins-hunting-fish.jpg

The Galapagos penguin has many behavioural adaptations for reproduction. One of these is that the penguins mate for life. A benefit of this is that they can work together in raising chicks. They work together for the whole time they are raising the chicks. They equally share the responsibilities of watching over the eggs and incubating them. Once the chick is born they then continue to work together by alternating watching the chick and leaving to feed. Also by being paired for life it allows many eggs to be laid as soon as condititions become favourable. This saves them the time of trying to find a mate and ultimately means that more chicks will be produced. Another behavioural adaptation is that they have learned that to prevent the eggs from overheating they have to lay them in caves and creavices in the rock.

An adaptation that the Galapagos penguin has for getting its food is its bones. Most birds have hollow or very thin bones to make flight possible. Penguins on the other hand do not have to fly but instead have to swim to get their food. Due to this they need to be able to dive deep into the ocean to obtain their food. If penguins had hollow bones the density would not be enough and they would not be able to dive. Therefore the penguins bones are solid and a lot more dense so it is possible to dive deep to get their food. Another physical adaptation that the Galapagos penguins have is for getting water. Penguins actually drink salt water! They then have to rid their body of the excess salt. This is done through a gland underneath their eyes that secretes the extra salt from their body.

http://www.oceanlight.com/stock-photo/spheniscus-mendiculus-galapagos-penguin-photograph-16235-938898.jpg

Affected Species

A structural adaptation that the Galapagos penguin has to help with reproduction is the age at which the penguins reach sexual maturity. The Galapagos penguins take three to four years to reach sexual maturiy. This can help them because it means that all of the penguins that reach the breeding age have already been alive for almost four years. This means that the ones who are able to reproduce will have good genes and variations that have helped them survive that long of a time. Therefore these will be the genes that are passed on to the next generation and they will slowly become more and more suited to live in their environment.

http://cdn2.arkive.org/media/E1/E1672945-BF9A-45C1-8CEB-A5B9C1B685B9/Presentation.Large/Galapagos-penguin-chick-begging-adult-for-food.jpg

Reproduction

Only a few species would be affected if the Galapagos Penguin were to go extinct. One of these would be the Mugil Galapagensis or the Galapagos Mullet.This fish is the main food source of the Galapagos Penguins. If the penguins were to go extinct the population of this fish would likley grow out of control until there was too many to sustain them. Anopther species that would be affected would be sharks. Especially though the Galapagos Shark. It feeds close to shore and one of its main food is penguins. If the penguins were to go extinct then some of these sharks would starve to death because there would not be enough food to support the species.

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/sharkkey/images/galapagos3.jpg

Galapagos Penguin

http://www.ecosalon.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/galapagos-penguins.jpg

Related Species

http://galapagosonline.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/penguins.jpg

Spheniscus mendiculus

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8oY_aYd5va8/TWXWe81PNvI/AAAAAAAABE0/IJ8EkuvRrCI/s1600/6489Galapagos_penguin.jpg

Humboldt Penguin

Spheniscus humboldti

The Humbolt Penguin is very similar to the Galapagos Penguin in many ways. Both of the penguins are banded penguins and they both live in very similar habitats. One of the main differences is that the Humboldt Penguin is a little bit larger with an average size of 56-70cm whereas the Galapagos Penguin is only an average of 49cm. The Humboldt lives on the coastline of Peru and even goes down a little bit into the coast of Chile. They are also not as endangered as the Galapagos Penguin as they are only listed as vulnerable instead of endangered.

http://marinebio.org/upload/Spheniscus-humboldti/1.jpg

Why is the Galapagos Penguin Endangered?

http://www.nationalgeographicstock.com/comp/MI/001/1299247.jpg

The Galapagos Penguin is endangered for many different reasons. One of the main reasons though is the loss of their habitat. This is caused by many different things including natural weather disturbsnce and human enchrouchment on their natural habitat. This means that their already small habitat is being reduced to alost nothing. Another large problem that th penguins are facing is climate change and the enviroment itself. A natural phenomenon called El Nino (Southern Oscillation) is a pattern of warming and cooling in the pacific. This cycle repeats itself about every five years. During the warm stage the Galapagos penguins are greatly affected. The warm tempuratures cause nutrient levels in the water to become very short and food levels to become low. Due to this many of the penguins face starvation during this period. Finally, humans are having a great impact on the penguins population. Many Galapagos Penguins are dying due to being tangled is fishing nets or being involved in oil spills.

http://newsone.com/files/2011/03/penguins_oiled.jpg

The Galapagos Penguin has a very specific Habitat. It only lives on the Galapagos Islands and more specifically the two islands of Fernandina and Isabela. These are the most northenly penguins in the world. They live and nest in the cracks, caves and depressinons of the islands shore which were created by lavaflows. The Galapagos Penguin has a narrow niche. It is narrow because it only lives in the Galapagos Islands so it has a small range. It also has a narrow niche because it only feeds on a few specific things. These are small fish but mostly mullet and sardines. Therefor the Galapagos Penguin has a narrow niche.

Habitat and Niche

http://cdn1.arkive.org/media/75/75821543-C5A4-4719-87B1-7C54B37195C8/Presentation.Medium/Adult-and-juvenile-Galapagos-penguins-roosting.jpg

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vXb8NvZUfAA/TpPi7nvnJaI/AAAAAAAABB4/VDQq9-YEQLc/s1600/Galapagos+Penguin+6.jpg

The End

Possible Zoo Habitat

A second species that is similar to the Galapagos Penguin is the African Penguin. The African Penguin is another member of the banded penguin family. This penguin is also a little bit larger than the Galapagos Penguin at an average height of 68cm. This penguin lives on the coast of South-western Africa. The African Penguin is aslo referred to as the Jackass Penguin. It has recived this name because of the donkey -like braying sound they make to reinforce the bonds they have with their mate. Along with the Galapagos Penguin they are listed as endangered.

http://images.summitpost.org/large/437028.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WJyU3DsVh3M/TtUXtfxPR1I/AAAAAAAABnA/K7T4LGx6_rQ/s400/African-penguins2.jpg

To make a habitat for the Galapagos Penguins would be very hard. They live in very specific enviroments and the enclousure would have to replicate it almost perfectly. The habitat would have to be very rocky with lots of holes and crevices in the walls. This is needed because these rockey crevices are where the penguins sleep and lay their eggs. It would also need a large water feature that they could swim in to get their exercise. Another very improtant aspect of the enclousure would be the tempurature that it is kept at. The air would need to be kept at around 24 degrees Celsius and rhe water would need to be kept at this same temperature. This is important because the Galapagos Penguins judge when is a good time to breed by the temperature. If it is too high or too low the penguins will not breed at all.

African Penguin

Spheniscus demersus

http://cdn1.arkive.org/media/25/25058922-3C76-42F5-B867-4CDEDAC75047/Presentation.Large/Galapagos-penguin-in-nest.jpg

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