Ch 4.5-8: Arousal, Aggression, Personality Types & Motivations

SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY

20p

Friday, April, 10, 1987

Chapter 4

Aggression

: Physical & Mental Control

Arousal

DIRECT AGGRESSION

INDIRECT AGGRESSION

- AN AGGRESSIVE ACT THAT DOES NO INVOLVE DIRECT PHYSICAL CONTACT.

- IT IS TAKEN OUT ON AN OBJECT IN ORDER TO GAIN AN ADVANTAGE.

- PURPOSE IS TO MENTAL EFFECT OPPONENTS, TO MAKE THE FEEL LESS CONFIDENT AND WORRIED.

- AN AGGRESSIVE ACT THAT INVOLVES PHYSICAL CONTACT WITH OTHERS.

- WITHIN THE RULES OF THE GAME CAN IMPROVE PERFORMANCE.

- THE 'AGGRESSOR' MAYBE DELIBERATELY TRYING TO CAUSE HARM TO THEIR OPPONENTS.

CAN A PERFORMER BE OVER AGGRESSIVE?

EXAMPLE?

CONSEQUENCES?

Arousal:

- A PHYSICAL & MENTAL STATE OF ALERTNESS / READINESS.

- VARYING FROM DEEP SLEEP TO INTENSE EXCITEMENT / ALERTNESS.

EXPLANATION:

- AROUSAL PERFORMANCE

- UP TO THE OPTIMAL (PERFECT) LEVEL

- HOWEVER:

- AS AROUSAL PERFORMANCE

PERSONALITY TYPES

- FINE / PRECISE MOVEMENTS INVOLVING ACCURACY REQUIRE A LOW OPTIMAL LEVEL

- GROW / SKILLS REQUIRING POWER, STRENGTH AND LARGE MUSCLE MOVEMENTS REQUIRE HIGH OPTIMAL LEVEL

INTROVERT

EXTROVERT

DOES THE OPTIMAL LEVEL OF AROUSAL CHANGE DEPENDING ON THE SKILL?

- SOCIABLE, ACTIVE, TALKATIVE, LEADERS

- OUTGOING PERSONALITY TYPE

- ASSOCIATED WITH TEAM SPORTS

- FAST PACED SPORTS, LOW LEVEL CONCENTRATION

- GROSS MOVEMENT SKILLS

- AROUSAL

- QUIET, SHY, PASSIVE, RESERVED PERSON

- THOUGHTFUL & ENJOYS BEING ALONE

- ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL SPORTS

PERFORMANCE

- SPORTS THAT REQUIRE HIGH CONCENTRATION,

PRECISION

- FINE MOVEMENT SKILLS

- AROUSAL

POSITIVE SELF TALK

DEEP BREATHING:

- TAKING SLOW, DEEP BREATHS WHILST RELAXED

- SLOWER DEEPER BREATHING INCREASES THE SUPPLY OF OXYGEN TO THE BRAIN, LIMITS AROUSAL CAUSED BY STRESS

- HELPS CALM NERVES, FOCUS THE MIND ON THE TASK

- A COGNITIVE RELAXATION TECHNIQUE INVOLVING DEVELOPING POSITIVE THOUGHTS.

- A MENTAL TECHNIQUE WHEREBY THE PEFORMER TALKS IN THEIR HEAD TO REASSURE THEMELVES.

- BEFORE AN EVENT OR PERFORMING A SKILL.

MENTAL REHEARSAL, VISUALISATION & IMAGERY:

- PERFORMER PICTURES THEMSELVES PERFORMING THE SKILL PERFECTLY BEFORE ATTEMPTING IT.

- COGNITIVE RELAXATION TECHNIQUES INVOLVING CONTROL OF MENTAL THOUGHTS & IMAGINING POSITIVE OUTCOMES.

HOW CAN WE CONTROL AROUSAL?

WHAT TECHNIQUES DO YOU DO?

MOTIVATION

- WHAT MOTIVATES YOU TO PARTICIPATE IN SPORTING ACTIVITIES?

- WHAT MOTIVATES PROFESSIONAL ATHELETES PARTICIPATE IN SPORT?

- IS THEIR A DIFFERENCE?

BASIC UNDERSTANDING;

- THE DRIVE TO SUCCEED

- THE DESIRE TO ACHIEVE

- INSPIRED & TO INSPIRE

EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

THE DRIVE TO PERFORM WELL TO WIN IN ORDER TO GAIN EXTERNAL REWARDS

TANGIBLE: INTANGIBLE:

- PRIZES - PRAISE

- TROPHIES - SOCIAL STATUS

- MONEY - GLORY

- CERTICFATE - APPROVAL

- MEDAL - POSITIVE FEEDBACK

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

THE DRIVE TO SUCEED THAT COMES FROM WITHIN

- SENSE OF PRIDE

- ACCOMPLISHMENT

- SATISFACTION

- SENSE OF SELF-WORTH

TWO TYPES OF MOTIVATION

WHICH ONE IS POTENITALLY MORE EFFECTIVE?

CAN INTRISTIC AND EXTRISTIC MOTIVATION

WORK TOGETHER?

EVALUATION:

- PERFORMERS TOO RELIANT ON EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION: PRIZES, REWARDS.

- INTRINSIC MOTIVATION IS MORE LIKELY TO LEAD TO CONTINUED EFFORT & PARTICIPATION: PLAYING FOR PRIDE, KEEP PERSISTING & TRYING.

- OVERUSE OF EXTRINSIC CAN UNDERMINE THE STRENGTH OF INTRINSIC. FORGET WHY THEY FIRST PLAYED THE GAME, STOP OF "FAILURE."

- HOWEVER, EXTRINSIC REWARDS CAN CAUSE THE FEELING OF PRIDE & SELF-SATISFACTION.