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For the way the Enviropig is created, I think that the societal and ethical implications are completely fine considering that no pig is in any harm or danger, since the piglets are given the phytase transgene as an embryo.
The plan for this GMO is to get it approved by the Food and Drug administration and Health Canada, as without having productive pigs that could be consumed by humans, there would be no need these Enviropigs since regular Yorkshire pigs would still need to reproduce in order to maintain pork in the food industry.
In Canada, the process for commercialization of a transgenic food animal uses the CODEX ALIMENTARIUS guidelines for human food safety. But for approval, it is separately required for environmental, feed and fertilizer safety.
- Human food safety is assessed by the Novel Foods Guidelines under the auspices of Health Canada (Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Novel Foods)
- Environmental Safety as prescribed by Schedule 5 of the (Canadian
- Environmental Protection Act ) by the New Substance Division of Environment Canada
- Feed safety (Feeds Act) by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and
Fertilizer safety (Fertilizer Act) by CFIA.
Cons: - Not approved by the Food and Drug administration or Health Canada.
- Hard to get the interest of a commercializing partner.
- Difficult to expand the swine herd.
Pros:
- Reduced feed cost.
- Phosphorus pollution decreased to 20% - 60%
- Cost saver as pork producers have to collect the pig waste to have it treated or recycled, which results in an added expense.
- Decreases the chances of Phosphorus contaminating nearby water sources and killing aquatic wildlife.
With having more pros then cons, the most inportant test it may pass is the certification of the Food and Drug administation of Health Canada because, if humans aren't able to consume these pigs, it would be a waste of a natural resource to breed them to larger masses.
Should Yorkshire pigs become genetically modified into an Enviropig in order to decrease the level of phosphorus in their manure?
The Enviropig is a genetically modified Yorkshire pig that is able to process the phosphorus from cereal grains, with the help of a chemical compound named phytase. The Enviro pig's application is used as a testing application in hopes for commercialization around the globe. It was developed with the introduction of a transgene build made up of the promoter segment of the murine parotid secretory protein gene and the Esherichia phytase gene into a fertilized porcine embryo by pronuclear microinjection, and implanted inside the reproductive tract of a sow.
Once the gestation period finished, the sow gave birth to the piglets and were checked if they had the had the transgene, as well as the phytase enzyme in their saliva. At maturity, the Enviropig and a regular Yorkshire pig were crossed and approximately half of the pigs had the phytase transgene. This proved that the transgene was stably inside one of the chromosomes in the pig.