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DEATH and DYING

5 BASIC REACTIONS

by: Elisabeth Kübler‐Ross

Cognitive changes.

- study of cognitive changes in the older population is complex.

Ageism

Bargaining.

Depression.

Intellectual changes - in late adulthood do not always result in reduction of ability.

- defined as the prejudice or discrimination that occurs on the basis of age. Although it can be used against people of all ages, older people are most frequently its target and it may often result in forced retirement.

fluid intelligence < crystallized intelligence

the ability to see and to use patterns and relationships to solve problems

the ability to use accumulated information to solve problems and make decisions

Denial.

Physical changes.

Dementias - are usually responsible for cognitive defects seen in older people. These disorders, however, occur only in about 15% of people over 65.

Retirement.

In later adulthood, a variety of physiological changes may occur, including some degree of atrophy of the brain and a decrease in the rate of neural processes; respiratory and circulatory systems are less efficient; Bone mass and Muscles diminishes (osteoporosis); skin dries and becomes less flexible; decreased sensitivity.

At age 65 is the conventional choice for many people, although some work until much later. Chronic health problems such as arthritis, rheumatism, and hypertension increasingly interfere with the quality of life of most individuals as they age.

Alzheimer's disease, a progressive, eventually fatal disease that begins with confusion and memory lapses and ends with the loss of ability to care for oneself.

Widowhood.

Women tend to marry men older than they are and, on average, live 5 to 7 years longer than men. Widowhood is particularly stressful if the death of the spouse occurs early in life; close support of friends, particularly other widows, can be very helpful.

Anger.

Childhood.

Berger (2008), "the meaning assigned to death--either the person’s own death or the death of another person--depends partly on cognitive maturation and personal experience" (p. 755).

Adulthood.

Adults have no romantic notions concerning death, and it becomes a dreaded experience.

Dying children often fear abandonment of loved ones, especially the parents, more than they fear the idea of death itself. Experts suggest parents and loved ones maintain constant vigil with sick children to eliminate this fear and loneliness (Berger, 2008).

Berger (2008), between the ages of 25 and 60, even for the terminally ill, their worries are not because of the idea of dying, but the concern of leaving business and relationships incomplete. The death of friends and loved ones during this time is unacceptable and many have trouble realistically facing such losses.

Adolescence .

Conclusion:

Death and dying are extremely sensitive issues during adolescence.

Late Adulthood.

Death impacts their psychological state of mind and have a long-term effect on their fundamental perception of life. During this stage of development, when adolescents may appear fearless, risk-taking behavior increases, and death is romanticized, a direct experience of death or the prospect of dying, alters their sense of reality (Neuspiel & Kuller, 1985).

According to many developmentalists, a healthy acceptance of one's own mortality is a sign of a positive and stable mental state during the later years of the lifespan. Completing affairs such as wills and health proxies is not a sign of giving up, but accepting the inevitable, and finding a sense of completion in worldly affairs. Once these matters have been finalized, many of the elderly continue to maintain their health and independence with a positive outlook.

Late adulthood is a definitive culmination of the stages of life.

Late Adulthood

Cultural Attitudes toward Death and Dying

Various Views of Death and Dying

at Different Points in Human Development

According to Berger (2008), "for all people throughout history, religious and spiritual concerns often become particularly important at death" (p. 762).

- (old age) is generally considered to begin at about age 65.

Although ageism and ignorant and unfair stereotypes hasten the demise of some of the elderly (Nussel, 1982), many maintain happy, healthy, and rich lives until their final transition to death. It is important to maintain a positive perspective and treat older adults with the respect and care they deserve.

The dying person's family and friends

- religious belief systems provide hope and lessen the helplessness commonly experienced during this time.

- integrity vs. despair

Religious and spiritual beliefs help the dying make the transition between life and death without fear, and allows them to maintain a sense of worth and meaning in their existence throughout the transition.

Theories of successful aging.

Gerontology - an interdisciplinary field that studies the process of aging and the aging population, involves psychology, biology, sociology, and other fields.

(Erik Erikson suggests that at this time it is important to find meaning and satisfaction in life rather than to become bitter and disillusioned.)

disengagement theory - as people age, their withdrawal from society is normal and desirable as it relieves them of responsibilities and roles that have become difficult.

activity theory - contends that activity is necessary to maintain a “life of quality; Proponents of this theory believe that activities of earlier years should be maintained as long as possible.

Death and dying are significant experiences in every culture, and the rituals and beliefs that surround these ideas allow individuals to accomplish the transition fearlessly and help friends and relatives cope with their loss (Berger, 2008, Wass & Myers, 1982).

(It may help you in adjusting to the aging process.)

Late Adulthood and Death

by: Samantha Medez

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