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William Perkin's contribution in making the intense purple dye used to stain slides changed the industry. He helped develop industrially important chemicals, as well as more dyes. Perkin's somewhat accidentally fell on the path to this purple dye while working with his professor on another project. His professor had no interest in the dye, so he and his friends worked on it in secret. And well, the rest is history...
This man, a child prodigy, is the first to officially give the name "cells" to these "floating rooms" inside organisms. He did this by observing a thin cutting of a cork and seen empty spaces within the walls. Robert Hooke took the microscope to the next level by inventing ways of controlling the height, angle, and not to forget illumination. Hooke taught himself how to draw from observation which came in very handy when examining things under the microscope.
Lynn Margulis could be considered a revolutionary scientist of her time. She first proposed the idea that some organelles were once living cells as well. By 1967 she had her first endosymbiotic theory article published, merely two years after receiving her Ph.D. and well underway with her first book. By the time she published her book in 1970 there was a lot of controversy amongst the scientific world because of Margulis's theory, but it was short lived. In 1981 her second book came out, by which time most scientist accepted parts of her theory.
Louis Pasteur is no doubt one of histories most important founders of medical microbiology. With some experimentation, and the flask he designed, he was able to dismiss the spontaneous generation theory and prove that all living things come from living things.
Mr. Schwaan is the physiologist who discovered enzyme pepsin. He is very well known for his skills with the microscope. in 1839 he published in his native language, german, his book "Microscopic researches on t he Conformity in Structure and Growth Between Animals and Plants" in which he demonstrated nuclear structures similar to what Matthias had previously observed in plants. With this, he was able to expand the cell theory to animals.
Aristotle was know for his experiments and many dissections as well as his work in Animal and Plant classification, some of which are still in use today. He observed the natural world and came to the conclusion that it was made up of 4 elements and a 5th essence called the "quintessence" or "ether", commonly known today as spirit. The four elements are earth, air, fire and water each of which relates to hot, cold, dry and wet. This eventually led to his belief that some, not all, things come from nonliving matter (Spontaneous Generation) because of a pre-existing heat that is vital to the addition of a combination of other elements.
Some may argue that Leeuwenhoek was the inventor of the microscope, but really he was simply successful for refining the microscope (as well as some other things). He was however the first to invent a lens of superior quality. He was able to increase the magnification of a microscope from 20x-30x to an astonishing 270x! He's also the one who discovered single-cell organisms such as protists and spirogyra. He also discovered the existence of sperm in mammals, which he personally considered his most important discovery.
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Redi was an Italian Physician that questioned the Spontaneous Theory. After observing meat for a few days, flies appeared. A few days after the flies appeared, maggots appeared. This is what brought on his experiment on Spontaneous Generation. For this he placed meat in various containers, some covered, some not to see if his theory about maggots coming from flies (or unsealed food) was true and they did not simply appear spontaneously. He was able to prove his theory, which moved the cell theory in another direction.
Schleiden is the one who came to the conclusion that plant tissues where also composed of cells, and embryonic plants came from a single cell. He later claimed that cells were the "basic building blocks" of plant matter. He theorized that plant growth came from new cells, which he believed came from propagates from the nuclei of older cells. He was later proved wrong on this theory.
Although some may debate it, Zacharias Jansen (with the help of his father) is credited for inventing the first compound microscope which allowed scientist like Hook further their studies. The Jansen's successfully put this mechanism together by placing three draw tubes and inserting lenses on both ends. This made the eyepiece lens bi-convex, and the objective lens was Plano-convex which is said to have been a very advanced design considering the time period.
Virchow published his lectures in 1858 by the title "Cellular Pathology as Based upon Physiological and Pathological History, which gave a whole new light on this side of biology. He explained things such as the process of inflammation, yet denied the existence of leukocytes (white blood cells). His famous quote is: "Cells are the last link in a great chain that forms tissues, organs, systems, and individuals. Where a cell exists, there must have been a preexisting cell".