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The Third Stage of Aerobic Respiration
1
Anaerobic pathways must use 18 Glucose to get the same yield
(The yield can vary. Reactant, intermediate, and product concentrations can affect it.)
The Third Stage of Aerobic Respiration
Electron Transfer Phosphorylation
In this stage, the coenzymes from the first two stages provide hydrogen and electrons which fuel the formation of ATP. This stage is performed by electron transfer chains and ATP synthases.
- Coenzymes donate electrons to electron transfer chains
- The flow of these electrons through the transfer chains makes phosphate attach to ADP
- This forms ATP
Ions accumulate here, forming concentration and electric gradients
+
H
+
H
+
H
The H cannot move across the mitochondrial lipid bilayer, so it has to follow the gradients by passing through the ATP synthases
Outer Compartment
- The NADH from Glycolysis cannot reach the ATP-forming machinery
- Its electrons and hydrogen must be given to transport proteins
- These proteins transport their cargo across the inner mitochondrial membrane
+
This causes the ATP synthases to change shape
- NAD and FAD pick the electrons and hydrogen up, becoming NADH and FADH
2
-
e
The electrons move through the chain, losing some energy at each transfer
At three of these transfers, the energy they release drives the pumping of the H into the outer mitochondrial compartment
+
-
e
+
-
e
H
+
H
ADP+P
ATP
+
i
FAD+2H
H
FADH
2
+
NAD +2H
NADH+H
+
H
H O
2H +1/2 O
2
The coenzymes give electrons to the transfer chain and release hydrogen
This promotes the attachment of phosphate to ADP, which forms ATP
The electrons move on through the chain and are accepted by oxygen
ATP Synthase
Electron Transfer Chain
Also...
Heart, liver, and kidney cells usually produce a net yield of 38 ATP
Skeletal muscle and brain cells usually produce a net yield of 36 ATP
Inner Compartment
Harvest
+
If there is no oxygen, the electrons won't have anywhere to go. They'll back up the chain, and prevent H from being formed, which prevents ATP from being formed. No ATP, no life.
ATP Produced
First Stage:
2
Second Stage:
Third Stage:
32
_________________________________
Net Yield:
36
Net Yield of Glucose is 36 ATP