READING A2Z

Read over the whole article for a starting “big picture”

highlight important words, dates, concepts, definitions. Also...

Look for repeated or related words, phrases or ideas. Doing so will help you to focus on the big ideas of the text.

Look for contrasting words, phrases or ideas. Doing so will help you figure out your author’s intentions—what ideas is the author reacting to or modifying?

Look for anomalies, or details that don’t quite fit. Again this will help you think about the author’s intentions.

Divide into sections: Focus on important ones:

• First few paragraphs (Big Tip: often an author starts with an idea they are trying to change, not their main idea)
• Last few paragraphs
• Places where the author seeks to change how we think about/ analyze/ understand an idea or process--that's a "so what"
• Use title, subtitles, key words, etc
• what do the sections/repetitions/ binaries/anomalies set up as important questions?
• Pay attention to author cues: "I," superlatives, changes/revises/shifts ("but," However," "yet"), conclusion words: ("thus," "therefore," "further")
• What are your own research questions?

Do in-depth collations/applications/so whats as needed

If lots of above, do in depth collation

1. What can we learn from the title/chapter headings/means of publication? What generic expectations do we have? Can we assume anything about the audience?

2. Can we find a thesis? What is surprising/interesting/debatable (hint: generally the first paragraph or two is a reading/belief/cultural trend the writer is going to question or modify in some way—the thesis will be the point where the writer says how)

3.Think about the article in terms of _your_ research questions.

Disruption Innovation 1980s Start ups Dying Little work Not much to do Books Michael Porter

Competitive advantage Strategy 1980 1985 Harvard business school cost leadership differentiatio

n focus Competitive advantage of nations Porter Clayton Christensen Clayton Christensen Harvard business school Fail business strategy world1997 The innovator’s dilemma Executives bad decisions good decisions good decisions successfulFail innovator’s dilemma ChristensenGood decisons mainframe computers making developing sustaining innovations missed customers ciustomers customers disruptive innovation innovator’s dilemma Disrupting disrupted disruptor disruption disruption distuption consumer trends political unrest technology panic panickedscarier big bang disruptiondisruptive innovation devastating innovation

HOW TO COLLATE A SCHOLARLY/ANALYTICAL READING

Encounter

Why does [PARTICULAR ASPECT] surface in [PARTICULAR WAY]? (order/causation/

analysis)

How does [PARTICULAR ELEMENT] modify [PARTICULAR PRACTICE/ANALYSIS/ UNDERSTANDING]?

To what extent does [ELEMENT 1] replace/change [ELEMENT B]? (order/causation/

analysis)

Good encounter questions tend to be open-ended.

Encounters usually focus on a specific part of the object of inquiry

Encounters usually focus on the higher learning objectives

1. What can we learn from the title/chapter headings/means of publication? What generic expectations do we have? Can we assume anything about the audience?

2. Can we find a thesis? What is surprising/interesting/debatable (hint: generally the first paragraph or two is a reading/belief/cultural trend the writer is going to question or modify in some way—the thesis will be the point where the writer says how)

3.Think about the article in terms of _your_ research questions.

How to Collate a Reading

• Focus on Patterns
• Translate to a "So What"
• Think about Encounter/Purpose

there have been various ways to deal with change throughout history

Data Collation

Application

Binary: tradition/decisions/management/good vs disruption/missed/ failure

The binary between disruption and traditional management in Lepores article reveals a contrast between ideas. She suggests that management had been understood as continuing good ideas, but became understood as being ready for the unexpected. The value of planning and identifying good practice disappeared.

So What

Thus the practice of business was changed by focusing management on planning for the unexpected rather than continuing to do what had worked.

The encounter should be understood as a list of the questions the so what answers: why did this author write the article? To develop this write a list of what question each so what answers—your questions may take the form of:

Why does [PARTICULAR ASPECT] surface in [PARTICULAR WAY]? (order/causation/

analysis)

How does [PARTICULAR ELEMENT] modify [PARTICULAR PRACTICE/ANALYSIS/ UNDERSTANDING]?

To what extent does [ELEMENT 1] replace/change [ELEMENT B]? (order/causation/

analysis)

Uber So What

So What

The emphasis on speed with te emphasis on terror and panic changes our understanding of why this theory came into being: it is a response to a fast paced time in which doing what works will not address changes in other aspects of world, which is seen as ruleless and full of threat

Application

So What

This emphasis on morality changes our analysis of the value of disruption by suggesting that even when it is successful in business it ignores key values of community and compassion and those who are trained in it still seek other models of behavior.

The emphasis on panic and disorder in Jill Lepore's "The Disruption model reveals a surprising anomaly. While Lepore suggests that the idea of innovation had become the guiding way of doing business in the 1990s, she points out that recent developments may make this model less useful. Rather than leading to innovation and creating successful companies, disruption instead may be "devastating" to companies due to new political and technological factors.

The emphasis on lack of examination and hand picked case studies of disruption changes our analysis by suggesting it is not a very well theorized idea; practice wise mayvbe we should not trust it much

Data Collation

Anomaly:

fear, panic, devastation, terrorism

Binary : failure vs success

Collation: speed, change, rapid

So What

This pattern changes our analysis by suggesting that disruption does not actually happen often in companies: rather, companies find ways to retain their old practices and combine them with the new. .

Want More?

https://prezi.com/1aviwr0m2z69/how-to-collate-and-so-what-a-reading-gopnik/

So What

This emphasis on explanation of past events changes ourt understanding of the value of disruptive theory by suggesting it may be useful in saying why something happened, but not in helping make decisions abut what to do in future.

Application

So What: The anomaly of discussing education and journalism, particularly Harvard's founding, changes the practice of what disruption can be applied to. Even if it is valid with a business, other institutions, such as schools, require interaction and small numbers, meaning disruption should not be applied to them.

Application

The emphasis on ways in which what seems to be new i actually connected to past practices in Lepore's article reveals a contrast with the idea that theories of disruption can use the past to predict future. Lepore shows taht what sems to be a pattern of disruption so the past is left behind can actually be seen as strong compzanies making small changes and survising. Additionally, "new" companies are actually often formed by consolidating old companies.

The emphasis on morals reveals a connection of problems with disruption as a theory. While disruption values profit and outcomes, it ignores the moral dimension of actions.

In particular it encourages being ruthless and not thinking about larger communities. The emphasis on reading at the start and end of this article suggests that people seek out these moral values and form communities around them.

Application

The contrast between prediction and explanation reveals a contrast in ideas about what disruption does. While those who practice it claim that disruption can predict what will happen and thus shape business decisions, in actuality it can only retrospectively explain why certain businesses succeeded through failures, ignoring ones that don't fit the model.

Data Collation

Binary: Past vs future in disruption

collation: established, incremental, continuities, consolidation

Data Collation

prediction/future/action vs retropect/analyze/explain

history vs future

Data Collation

connection: morality, conscience, reading, values

Outcome

yes AND: innovation, disruption, customers, technology,

success

• What is the effect of X? How does it achieve that effect? What details contribute to the overall effect? Might it have different effects on different audiences? What choices did the author/artist make in order to achieve that effect?

Use/Purpose

Yes AND:

technology/computers/mainframes/innovation

• What is the process that led to X? What were the steps in the process? How did that process take place?

http://www.wordle.net/create

1. Will be about "disruption" which has something to do with business and is a "gospel" (really believed in). From the New Yorker, which aims istelf at educated, fairly wealthy, savvy readers who are fairly liberal.

2. Thesis: ??? Nothing sticks out as clear statement (typical of these kind of articles). Might notice bottom of first page shifts from example--> claim, so that's where author is making argument

3. Choose your own focus here: how to employ disruption better? what to replace it with? the history of how it came to be misunderstood?

Causes

Contrast:

disruption/innovation/strategy VS succesful/leadership/executives/good decision

• How could X have happened differently, and what might be the effects of changes to the process? What is the significance of this process?

Read over the whole article for a starting “big picture”

• highlight important words, dates, concepts, definitions. Also,
• Look for repeated or related words, phrases or ideas. Doing so will help you to focus on the big ideas of the text.
• Look for contrasting words, phrases or ideas. Doing so will help you figure out your author’s intentions—what ideas is the author reacting to or modifying?
• Look for anomalies, or details that don’t quite fit. Again this will help you think about the author’s intentions.

Outcome

Yes AND:

fear/panic/devastating

• What is the significance of X?