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result: a population with HIGH RESISTANCE
exact replicate is made; individual bacterial mutations are low but high reproduction rate, so overall high mutations; contain plasmids
plasmids (small rings of DNA other than the DNA chromosome) are not necessary for the function of the bacteria
grow into fruiting bodies
joining of 2 genetically different hyphae produce dikaryotic hyphae
made up of hyphae
the plasmids of some bacteria may contain the "R plasmid" gene, resistance is passed on to other bacteria viz conjugation; antibiotics kill bacteria that do not contain the R plasmid gene
a flexible carbohydrate found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons and crustaceans
bacteria forms from spores (endospores);
spores form a thick wall around DNA and the cytoplasm; spore will stay until conditions become more favourable
bacteria picks up DNA from environment (dead cell)
septum have large pores that allow nutrients
Staphylococci
"clumps and clusters"
portion that grows above the ground in normal mushrooms, and below ground in fungi-like truffles
one of Earth's oldest and largest living organisms!
Antibiotic Resistance
opposite sexes grow towards each other; fuse to form diploid zygospores (two sets of chromosomes)
Strepococci
"chains"
absorb nutrients from their environment
two bacterial cells come together via protein bridges where the plasmid of one cell is transferred to the other cell; bacteria develops traits because the cell that got the plasmid has a different genetic makeup now
fruiting body where spores are produced
saprophytic heterotrophs: digesting food externally, then absorbing it
spores are haploid
(single set of chromosomes)
form below ground; formed from hyphae
algae provides nutrients
fungi provides nutrients like water and phosphorus
Diplococci
"pairs"
lives in the gut of a female mosquito and bloodstream of certain animals
two different sexes
contain a thick peptidoglycan membrane
hyphae are divided by cross-walls called septum
+ / -
lives in the water; uses flagella to move; most live in the bodies of animals or the tissues of plants
threadlike filaments that make up all parts of the fungi
hyphae break off and release spores
(most common)
unfavourable conditions
sporocap
fungi provides minerals, protection and water
COCCI bacteria often come in groups
~peptidoglycan layer~
mycellium
saprobes
move using cilia which are also used to propel and direct food toward mouth opening; also have a contractile vacuole that helps get rid of water
euglena: single-celled; both plant and animal characteristics
fungi receives sugars, proteins and lipid
fungi + cyanobacteria or algae
e.g. plasmodium
sexual
e.g. trypanosoma gambienese
asexual
chitin
sexual
asexual
e.g. paramecium caudatum
commerical
e.g. yogurt, cheese, antibiotics
mutualistic: benefits to both host and bacteria
fungi + mycorrhizae
multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes
(lack chlorophyll)
appearance and nutrition
red algae: non-mobile; used in sushi
zooflagellates
characterized by means of pseudopods ("false feet")
ciliates
reproduction
contain peptidoglycan which provide strength
pili
most fungi contain hyphae
e.g. amoeba proteus
shapes
sporozan
pathogens: infectious
euglenoids
for adherence
similar to fungi
rhodophyta
sacrodines
use pseudopods, cilia and flagella to move
Modes of Reproduction
flagella
cell walls
Animal-like organisms
segmented fluid-filled compartments to provide support
for movement
types
range from less than 1-3mm
motile
large, complex cells with many organelles
symbiotic relationships
structures
ribosomes
plant-like organisms
heterotrophic or autotrophic
protein synthesis
characteristics
Fungus-like organisms
important parts
parasite
Body Plan
live in moist terrestrial environments
Digestion
one or more plasmids
Eubacteria
freshwater
loop of DNA that provides an "extra advantage" to bacterium
characteristics
e.g. salmonella
marine
bacterial DNA is made up of a single chromosome
Annelida
Enchinodermata
Fungi
exist in moist tissues
"little rings"
photoautotrophs
most diverse kingdom; commonly defined as single-celled organisms (some are multi-cellular)
Protista
uses sunlight to turn CO2 into sugar; found in environments with lots of sun
Prokaryote
photoheterotrophs
makes its own food + eats other organisms
eating other organisms in the environment
cells that lack nuclei and most organelles; unicellular
heterotrophs
Animalia
Cnidaria
chemoautotrophs
Eukaryote
uses chemicals like ammonia to consume organisms in the environment; dark environments
produce methane
Archaea
Sponges
more complex than prokaryotic cells and contain membrane-bound cells
e.g. thermoplasma
Methanogens
low oxygen (swamps, digestive tracts)
Molluscus and Arthropods
Platyhelminthes
Psychrophiles
cell walls lack peptidoglycan
Image by Tom Mooring
live in extreme conditions
units of inherited information that determine characteristics
like cold;
(-20 to -10 deg)
Thermophiles
Halophiles
genes
in species, population difference in genes occur
like salty environments
like heat; hot springs (70-90 deg)
Taxonomy
Genetic Diversity
all the different genes that are present in the population of a species
Nomenclature
small changes make organisms unique
BINOMIAL
Species Diversity
developed by Carl Linnaeus
connections to Evolution
POLYNOMIAL
the science of naming, identifying and classifying organisms
Ecosystem Diversity
the variety of species + relative abundance of the species in an area
Value of Biodiversity
purpose: to identify organisms and represent relationships among them
2 words
______ + ________
Phylogeny
genus name + description of the organism
diverse range of habitats with variety of organisms living in them
keystone species
ecosystems with high biodiversity = healthier
e.g. Varecia rubra
based on an organism's physical and structural features
help maintain life-sustaining services and conditions
used to represent how organisms have evolved and their relation to other species
phylogenetic tree
the more features, the closer the relationship
species that have a disproportionately large effect on an ecosystem
higher chances of survival is there is diversity in case a natural disaster occurs [DIVERSITY IS KEY]
helps provide medicines and food
nutrient cycling
a diagram that reflects the hypotheses of evolutionary relationships
break down toxins
King Philip Came Over From Germany Swimming
honeybees in China
pollinating flowers
a series of questions that are posed to determine the identification of a species