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result: a population with HIGH RESISTANCE

exact replicate is made; individual bacterial mutations are low but high reproduction rate, so overall high mutations; contain plasmids

plasmids (small rings of DNA other than the DNA chromosome) are not necessary for the function of the bacteria

grow into fruiting bodies

joining of 2 genetically different hyphae produce dikaryotic hyphae

made up of hyphae

the plasmids of some bacteria may contain the "R plasmid" gene, resistance is passed on to other bacteria viz conjugation; antibiotics kill bacteria that do not contain the R plasmid gene

a flexible carbohydrate found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons and crustaceans

bacteria forms from spores (endospores);

spores form a thick wall around DNA and the cytoplasm; spore will stay until conditions become more favourable

bacteria picks up DNA from environment (dead cell)

septum have large pores that allow nutrients

Staphylococci

"clumps and clusters"

portion that grows above the ground in normal mushrooms, and below ground in fungi-like truffles

one of Earth's oldest and largest living organisms!

Binary Fission

Antibiotic Resistance

Transformation

opposite sexes grow towards each other; fuse to form diploid zygospores (two sets of chromosomes)

Strepococci

"chains"

absorb nutrients from their environment

two bacterial cells come together via protein bridges where the plasmid of one cell is transferred to the other cell; bacteria develops traits because the cell that got the plasmid has a different genetic makeup now

fruiting body where spores are produced

saprophytic heterotrophs: digesting food externally, then absorbing it

spores are haploid

(single set of chromosomes)

form below ground; formed from hyphae

Endospere Formation

algae provides nutrients

fungi provides nutrients like water and phosphorus

Diplococci

"pairs"

1. Gram + bacteria

lives in the gut of a female mosquito and bloodstream of certain animals

two different sexes

contain a thick peptidoglycan membrane

hyphae are divided by cross-walls called septum

Conjugation

+ / -

lives in the water; uses flagella to move; most live in the bodies of animals or the tissues of plants

threadlike filaments that make up all parts of the fungi

hyphae break off and release spores

(most common)

2. Gram - bacteria

unfavourable conditions

sporocap

fungi provides minerals, protection and water

COCCI bacteria often come in groups

ENDOTOXIC LAYER

Cell walls of bacteria are made of 2 different compositions:

~peptidoglycan layer~

mycellium

ANOTHER CELL MEMBRANE

saprobes

move using cilia which are also used to propel and direct food toward mouth opening; also have a contractile vacuole that helps get rid of water

euglena: single-celled; both plant and animal characteristics

fungi receives sugars, proteins and lipid

fungi + cyanobacteria or algae

e.g. plasmodium

sexual

e.g. trypanosoma gambienese

asexual

chitin

sexual

asexual

e.g. paramecium caudatum

commerical

e.g. yogurt, cheese, antibiotics

mutualistic: benefits to both host and bacteria

fungi + mycorrhizae

multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes

(lack chlorophyll)

appearance and nutrition

red algae: non-mobile; used in sushi

zooflagellates

characterized by means of pseudopods ("false feet")

ciliates

reproduction

lichens

contain peptidoglycan which provide strength

pili

most fungi contain hyphae

e.g. amoeba proteus

shapes

sporozan

pathogens: infectious

euglenoids

for adherence

hair-like structures on the body

blob-type structures

Mycorrhizzea

similar to fungi

rhodophyta

sacrodines

use pseudopods, cilia and flagella to move

coccus

Modes of Reproduction

flagella

1. round

2. rod-shaped

3. spiral

tail-like structure used to "swim"

cell walls

bacillus

Animal-like organisms

segmented fluid-filled compartments to provide support

for movement

types

range from less than 1-3mm

motile

large, complex cells with many organelles

symbiotic relationships

spirillium

structures

ribosomes

plant-like organisms

heterotrophic or autotrophic

protein synthesis

characteristics

Fungus-like organisms

definition

important parts

parasite

Body Plan

live in moist terrestrial environments

Digestion

one or more plasmids

Eubacteria

freshwater

loop of DNA that provides an "extra advantage" to bacterium

characteristics

TAXONOMY

e.g. salmonella

marine

bacterial DNA is made up of a single chromosome

Annelida

Enchinodermata

Fungi

exist in moist tissues

"little rings"

photoautotrophs

most diverse kingdom; commonly defined as single-celled organisms (some are multi-cellular)

Protista

uses sunlight to turn CO2 into sugar; found in environments with lots of sun

Prokaryote

photoheterotrophs

makes its own food + eats other organisms

eating other organisms in the environment

cells that lack nuclei and most organelles; unicellular

heterotrophs

Organisms

Animalia

Cnidaria

chemoautotrophs

Eukaryote

uses chemicals like ammonia to consume organisms in the environment; dark environments

produce methane

BACTERIA CAN BE:

Archaea

Sponges

more complex than prokaryotic cells and contain membrane-bound cells

obligate aerobes:

need oxygen

e.g. thermoplasma

facultative anaerobes:

Methanogens

can undergo both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

low oxygen (swamps, digestive tracts)

obligate anaerobes:

Molluscus and Arthropods

cannot survive in oxygen

Platyhelminthes

Psychrophiles

cell walls lack peptidoglycan

Image by Tom Mooring

live in extreme conditions

units of inherited information that determine characteristics

BIODIVERSITY

like cold;

(-20 to -10 deg)

Thermophiles

Halophiles

genes

THE VARIETY OF LIFE IN THE WORLD

in species, population difference in genes occur

like salty environments

like heat; hot springs (70-90 deg)

Taxonomy

Genetic Diversity

all the different genes that are present in the population of a species

Nomenclature

small changes make organisms unique

Types of Diversity

Classification

BINOMIAL

Species Diversity

developed by Carl Linnaeus

connections to Evolution

POLYNOMIAL

the science of naming, identifying and classifying organisms

Ecosystem Diversity

the variety of species + relative abundance of the species in an area

Value of Biodiversity

purpose: to identify organisms and represent relationships among them

2 words

______ + ________

Phylogeny

genus name + description of the organism

genus

different for each organism

diverse range of habitats with variety of organisms living in them

keystone species

ecosystems with high biodiversity = healthier

e.g. Varecia rubra

based on an organism's physical and structural features

help maintain life-sustaining services and conditions

used to represent how organisms have evolved and their relation to other species

phylogenetic tree

the more features, the closer the relationship

species that have a disproportionately large effect on an ecosystem

higher chances of survival is there is diversity in case a natural disaster occurs [DIVERSITY IS KEY]

ORGANIZING THE DIVERSITY

helps provide medicines and food

nutrient cycling

dichotomous key

a diagram that reflects the hypotheses of evolutionary relationships

break down toxins

King Philip Came Over From Germany Swimming

honeybees in China

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

pollinating flowers

a series of questions that are posed to determine the identification of a species

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