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1939 Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale provided scores for both verbal and non-verbal measures of intelligence.
1949 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)- had 12 subtests and were organized into Verbal and Performance scales; provided scores for indexes: Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ), and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ).
1974 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised (WISC-R)- had the same 12 subtests but age range was adjusted the age range to 6-16 years; provided indexes: VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ
1991 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Third Edition (WISC-III)- included all previous subtests and introduced a new subtest: Symbol Search; the indexes changed from 3 to 4 Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Perceptual Organization Index (POI), Freedom and Distractibility Index (FDI) and Processing Speed Index (PSI) in an effort to represent more specific domains of cognitive functioning.
2003 WISC-IV- the structure is similar to that of the WISC-III, there were changes in terminology of the indexes, and additional subtests were added to improve the measurement of fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.
16 special group studies were conducted during the WISC-IV standardization; ADHD was included. This was important because the WISC-IV is not just an IQ assessment, it is also a widely used as a comprehensive diagnostic assessment.
The WISC-IV was administered to 45 children aged 8-13 who met diagnostic criteria for both a Learning Disorder (LD) and ADHD. 65% of those children were on medication for ADHD.
According to the WISC-IV Manual, recent research suggests that the cognitive abilities of children with LD and ADHD may very with specific type of learning disability
Processing speed is sensitive to neurological conditions such as: epilepsy, ADHD, and traumatic brain injuries.
In the ADHD Special Group, there was a moderate effect size for the group mean difference on the PSI that was found.
Additionally, small effect sizes for the VCI, WMI, and FSIQ were found.
Children with ADHD typically achieve scores near the normative range of intellectual functioning, but may perform worse on measures of processing speed and working memory.
Additional research needs to be conducted with separate samples of children with ADHD based on subtype, as well as comparing performance of the children that are medicated and non-medicated.
WISC-IV should not be used solely to make an ADHD diagnosis.
ADHD symptoms frequently lead to serious academic, social, and interpersonal impairments.
In several studies, significantly lower cognitive levels have been reported in children
with ADHD compared to controls.
Some studies have found that some children with ADHD are "gifted" and they have strengths in verbal areas of the WISC.
"Children with ADHD have lower intelligence quotients than children without this diagnosis, by about 9 points" ADHD in gifted children appears to mirror ADHD in children with average intelligence.
The WISC-IV is an individually administered, comprehensive clinical instrument for assessing the intelligence of children ages 6-16 years.
The estimated core test administration time is anywhere from 60-90 minutes.
The tools needed: a well-lit, quiet room free of distractions to create an ideal testing environment, stopwatch for timing, pencils, clipboard, and the WISC-IV stimulus books and all testing material that comes with the kit.
How Much Does it Cost? The basic kit is $1,069.00.
It is important to note that plenty of concurrent studies (at the time) were conducted to provide additional evidence of the scale's reliability and validity.
Evidence of the convergent and discriminant validity of the WISC-IV was provided by the correlational studies of other assessments, including but not limited to: WISC-III, WPPSI-III, WAIS-III, Gifted Rating Scale.
The improved subtest floors & ceilings make the WISC-IV a more accurate measure of cognitive functioning for children performing at extreme ranges of cognitive ability.
Evidence of construct validity was provided through a series of exploratory and confirmatory factor-analytic studies and mean comparisons using matched samples of clinical and non-clinical children
The sample was stratified on key demographic variables (i.e. age, sex, ethnicity, parent education level, and geographic location) according to the 2000 U.S. census data. The WISC-IV normative data was established using a sample collected from August 2001- October 2002.
The data was obtained from a stratified sample of 2,200 children aged 6-16, as well as samples from various special groups.
Antshel, K. M., Faraone, S. V., Stallone, K., Nave, A., Kaufmann, F. A., Doyle, A., & ... Biederman, J. (2007). Is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a valid diagnosis in the presence of high IQ? Results from the MGH Longitudinal Family Studies of ADHD. Journal Of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 48(7), 687-694. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01735.x
Ek, U., Fernell, E., Westerlund, J., Holmberg, K., Olsson, P., & Gillberg, C. (2007). Cognitive strengths and deficits in schoolchildren with ADHD. Acta Paediatrica, 96(5), 756-761. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00297.x
Flanagan, D. P., & Kaufman, A. S. (2012). Essentials of WISC-IV assessment (2nd ed.)Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Wechsler, D. (2004). The Wechsler intelligence scale for children—fourth edition. London: Pearson Assessment.
http://www.pearsonassessments.com/HAIWEB/Cultures/en-us/Productdetail.htm?Pid=015-8979-044
The WISC-IV is the most current revised edition of the original Wechsler-Bellevue (1939).
The test was based on the concept that intelligence is a GLOBAL entity as it characterizes a person's behaviors as a whole, and it is also specific because it is composed of elements or abilities that are distinct from eachother.
Wechsler's original intelligence test (1939) provide scores for both verbal and performance scales plus an overall composite score.
Areas of Revision for the WISC-IV:
-Updated Theoretical Foundations
-Enhanced Clinical Utility
-Increased Developmental Appropriateness
-Improved Psychometric Properties
-Increased User-Friendliness
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) provides composite score that represent intellectual functioning in specified cognitive areas (VCI, PRI, WMI, PSI), as well as providing a composite score that represents a child's general intellectual ability (FSIQ).
It's not just an IQ test, according to the Pearson Assessments website, the WISC-IV "builds on contemporary approaches in cognitive psychology and intellectual assessment, giving you a new, powerful and efficient tool to help develop and support your clinical judgments"