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* all dates are anno Domini (after death)

The 7 Ecumenical Councils

Second Council of Constantinople

Council of Ephesus

Second Council of Nicaea

First Council of Nicaea

Date: 325

Founder: Emperor Constantine I

Outcome:

- affirmed that Jesus is truly God and equal to the Father

- repudiated Arianism

- adopted the Nicene Creed

Date: 553

Founder: Emperor Justinian I

Outcome:

- affirmed decisions and doctrines explicated by previous Councils

- condemned new Arian, Nestorian, and Monophysite writings

Date: 431

Founder: Emperor Theodosius II

Outcome:

- affirmed that Jesus is one person

- proclaimed the Virgin Mary as the Mother of God

- condemned Pelagianism

Date: 787

Founder: Empress Irene; the widow of the Emperor Leo IV

Outcome:

- restoration of the veneration of icons and end of the first iconoclasm it was rejected by some Protestant denominations, who instead prefered the Council of Hieria (754), it had also described itself as the Seventh Ecumenical Council and had condemned the veneration of icons

Third Council of Constantinople

Council of Chalcedon

First Council of Constantinople

Date: 680-681

Founder: Emperor Constantine IV

Outcome:

- asserted that Jesus had both a divine and human will

- repudiated Monothelitism

Date: 381

Founder: Emperor Theodosius I

Outcome:

- affirmed that Jesus was perfectly man

- revised the Nicene Creed into its present form

- prohibited any further alteration of the Creed without the assent of an Ecumenical Council

Date: 451

Founder: Emperor Marcian

Outcome:

- affirmed that in Jesus there are two distinct natures in one person that are united "without confusion, change, division or separation"

- repudiated the Eutychianism and Monophysitism

- adopted the Chalcedonian Creed.

By: Sofia L. Rodeghiero

Works Cited

"Ecumenical Councils." Theopedia, n.d. Web. 11 May 2017.

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