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Neurotransmitters of the Basal Ganglia
2
Neurotransmitters of
the Basal Ganglia
The Holy Trinity
Dopamine
It is the neuromodulatory neurotransmitter that selectively excites or inhibits areas of the caudate/putamen, known as Modulation
But the Basal Ganglia have
as well other Neurotransmitters
Enkephalin
- Related diseases:
- Due to a large amount: schizophrenia
- Due to a small amount: Parkinson disease
Substance P
- Inhibitor
- Involved in
- Regulation of pain (analgesic)
- Body nociception
- Inhibitor
- Mainly associated with
- Inflammatory processes
- Pain
- As well as
- Regulation of mood disorders
- Anxiety
- Stress
- Breathing
- Nausea
Glutamate
- Excitatory
- Related diseases
- Due to a large amount (excitotoxicity): migraine and seizures
GABA
- Inhibitor
- Related diseases
- Due to a small amount: sleeplessness, tremors, combulsiones, epilepsy
It's function is to select
Cholinergic modulation from interneurons decreases motor activity
But Why?
Dopaminergic
modulation increases motor activity
<- 3rd Level
<- 2nd Level
<- 1st Level
<- Background Level
- Solid lines -> Direct pathway
- Dashed lines -> Indirect pathway
- Red lines -> Inhibitory connections
- Green lines -> Excitatory connections
Direct & Indirect Pathways
May the Modulation be With you!
By inhibiting the inhibition from the Globus Pallidus Internal on the Ventrolateral Thalamus, the Striatum allows the Primary motor cortex to fire.
Excites
- 3rd Level
- Motor cortex
- Brainstem motor
In both cases they begin at the striatum of the basal ganglia and finish in the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe.
Inhibits
- 1st Level
- Globus Pallidus Internal
- Sustantia Nigra Pars Reticulata
- 2nd Level
- Motor Thalamus
- Tectum
The basal ganglia projects through two different pathways known as the direct and indirect pathways.
The Direct Pathway
To be Light Side or Dark Side, That is the Question
Use the Modulation Luke!
ALSO
involves in learning, memory, attention
The Globus Pallidus does the opposite of the Globus Pallidus Internal thus preventing the inhibition of the Ventrolateral Thalamus' inhibition thereby it continues preventing the Primary Motor Cortex from firing
Excites
- 1st Level
- Globus Pallidus Internal
- Sustantia Nigra Pars Reticulata
Choose your Pathway, Luke
Inhibits
- 1st Level
- Globus Pallidus External
- Globus Pallidus Internal
- Sustantia Nigra Pars Reticulata
- 2nd Level
- Subthalamic Nucleus