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Fun Facts

COGNITIVISM

The concept of cognitivism essentially argues that the black box of

the mind should be opened and understood.

It replaced replaced behaviourism in 1960s.

It focuses on the inner mental activities of the human mind - mental processes-thinking, memory, knowing and problem solving need to be explored.

The theory attempts to answer how and why people learn by suggesting that this is as result of cognitive activity.

Each individual has a unique concept of things based on personal experience.

Cognitivism means 'thought process' - this can mean comprehension, reasoning, interpreting, analysing and synthesising

The concept is extremely subjective and very personal.

What is cognitivism?

OPENING THE 'BLACK BOX'

Theorists

Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development

Knowledge occurs in stages and grows in complexity over time.

4 stages of Cognitive Development

Lewin - learning is the result of changes in cognitive structure

Gagne - developed information processing theory - 8 levels of intellectual

skills including problem-solving

Bloom - 3 domains of learning - cognitive (thinking), affective (attitudes,

values), psychomotor (motor skills)

John Anderson's ACT-R theory - developed in 1983 at Carnegie Mellon

Univeristy

Schema Theory

What does it mean to me

and my teaching ?

Two approaches towards teaching practice.

•Behaviourist approach

The Behaviourist method is teacher-centred. Teacher delivers structured lessons that the pupils follow. Include, lectures, copying notes, learning by rote and watching demonstrations.

•Cognitive approach

The Cognitivist method is student-centred. Students find out for themselves in a self-directed way. Include case studies, research, discussions, self-assessment and presentations.

The cognitive approach encourages the “find out for yourself” approach after task-setting. The learner is in control of their learning and moves on to the next level in a self-directed way. The learning experience is different for each learner. The Montessori School practices this method in the belief that emotional factors and personal growth must be held in the highest value if the learners are to develop themselves in their learning.

I

Piaget

Jean Piaget first explored the cognitive approach. Observing his own children and came to the belief that people go through seminal stages of mental development from birth, which is known as “maturation.”

He believed that all people reach a new stage of development and ability at similar age.

This model became known as “Stages of Cognitive Development.”

The Formal Operational Stage is the final stage, reached at around age eleven. At this point, Piaget believed that children are capable of adult thought. They can think in the abstract, reason, see things from a different point of view and think critically. In reality, everyone reaches each stage at a different age.

Schema Theory

John Anderson's ACT-R Theory

A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information that is available in our environment. However, these mental frameworks also cause us to exclude pertinent information to instead focus only on things that confirm our pre-existing beliefs and ideas. Schemas can contribute to stereotypes and make it difficult to retain new information that does not conform to our established ideas about the world.

The History of Schemas

The use of schemas as a basic concept was first used by a British psychologist named Frederic Bartlett as part of his learning theory. Barlett's theory suggested that our understanding of the world is formed by a network of abstract mental structures.

Jean Piaget introduced the term schema and its use was popularized through his work. According to his stage theory of cognitive development, children go through a series of stages of intellectual growth. In Piaget's theory, a schema is both the category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring that knowledge. As experiences happen and new information is presented, new schemas are developed and old schemas are changed or modified.

Adaptive Control of Thought—Rational is a cognitive theory mainly developed by John Robert Anderson at Carnegie Mellon University.

ACT-R aims to define in theory, each task that humans can perform should consist of a series of discrete operations (building blocks).

ACT-R has been often adopted as the foundation for 'cognitive tutors'. These systems use an internal ACT-R model to mimic the behaviour of a student and personalise his/her instructions and curriculum, trying to "guess" the difficulties that students may have and provide focused help.

'Cognitive Tutors are being used as a platform for research on learning and cognitive modeling as part of the Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center. Some of the most successful applications, like the Cognitive Tutor for Mathematics, are used in thousands of schools across the United States.

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