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Structure-shifts

Class-shifts

Grammatical change between the structure of the ST and that of the TT.

Depending on the levels of language involved in translation

SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical class.

Depending on the extent of the SL text

  • i.e. "a literature student" / «un estudiante de literatura»

Level shifts

  • Full translation
  • Partial translation
  • Total translation
  • Restricted translation

The SL item at one linguistic level (e.g. grammar) has a TL equivalent at a different level (e.g. lexis).

Translation shifts

Unit-shifts

Involve changes in rank.

Category shifts

"Departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL"

Types of translation

  • i.e. "my mother is an architect" / « mi madre es arquitecta»

Intra-system shifts

Functional equivalents

Linguistic untranslability

Changes within languages that aproximately correspond formally as to their constitution.

Translation

Lack of a lexical or syntactial substitute in the TL for a SL item.

According to the grammatical rank

Grammatical constructions that serve the same linguistic function in two language systems.

  • Rank-bound translation
  • Rank-free

"The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”.

Untranslability

Formal equivalents

Cultural untranslability

Lexical items objectively identified as equivalent in meaning in two different languages.

Absence in the TL culture of a relevant situational feature for the SL text.

Equivalences according to Catford

By: Milena Díaz and Chiara Ferrarino

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