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6 to 12 years of age

Rich in potential for cognitive, social, emotional and physical advancements

Brain is actively undergoing synaptic pruning, more refined

Heavily dependent on a child's environment

Spotlight on middle childhood: Rejuvenating the 'forgotten years'

Why 'forgotten years' ?

The present article reviews...

(By: Mah, VK, Ford-Jones, EL, PAEDIATRICS & CHILD HEALTH, 12057088,, Vol. 17, Issue 2)

Neurological changes

Impact on overall development

How to implement this knowledge to augment a child's capabilities

(Rappley MD, Kallman JR. Mİddle Childhood. In: Carey EB, Crocker AC, Coleman WL, Elias ER, Feldman HM, eds. Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, 9th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2009:50-61.)

Thank you!

Brain and nervous system developments continue during middle childhood.

More complex behavioral and cognitive abilities become possible as the central nervous system matures.

Brain development is characterized by growth of specific structures,especially the frontal lobes.

The Roll of the Brain in the Middle Childhood

Damage to this part of brain (frontal lobe)results in;

*erratic emotional outburts

*inability to plan

*poor judgment

Lateralization of the two hemispheres of the brain, also continues during middle childhood, as does maturation of the carpus callosum(the bands of neural fibers connecting the two celebral hemispheres) and other areas of the nervous system.

Middle childhood Matters.Child and youth health network.[www.child-youth-health.net/en/child-youth-health/Middle_Matters_p275.html]

(Accessed on November 7,2010)

Motor skills begin to improve in the middle childhood.

They can easily running,jumping,throwing,climbing, reading and writing.

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Before the this stage,they growing up fastly,but in middle childhood growing up slowdown.

Girls and boys still have similar body shapes and proportions.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Girls growth rate is faster than boys-possibly linked with puberty.

Breasts and curves in females,deeper voice and broad shoulder in male.

Sight still improve,ıf they use fine-lead pencil and read to small fonts, may be their optic tracts can damage.

Malnutrition can affect all aspects of development.Obesity is increasing in middle childhood.

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/phychology/development-phychology/physical-cognitive-development-age-711/physical-development-age-711

concrete operational stage

the period of cognitive development between 7 - 11 years of age,

which is character by active & appropriate use of logic

Cognitive & Social Development

  • concrete operational thought involves applying logical operations

The developmental process is initiated by genetics, but shaped by experience.

health

intelligence

social emotional

  • lack of understanding abstract concepts

references

  • seeing things in a different view
  • https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/psychology/development-psychology/physical-cognitive-development-age-711/cognitive-development-age-711
  • becoming less egocentric
  • developing intelligence, communication, insight, empathy, alturism & morality...
  • peason new international edition
  • being able to analyze rules and judge what is right or wrong

Middle Childhood: Where to begin?

It is a self-perpetuaing cycle, with each new experience leading to the acqusition of new skills and abilities.

Empower them with self-confidence

Children participate in programs and activities that promote positive peer interactions.

References:Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, et al. Aerobic fitness in preadolescent children. Dev Neurosci 2010;32:249-56

Stretch their minds

Paediatricians can encourage families to begin this cycle with the following keys:

Art and cultural activities improve children's mind.

Get them moving

Stretch their minds

Get them moving

Empower them with self-confidence

With even a small amount of aerobic activity, children can improve their IQ as well as their psychological and physical health.

REFERENCES

1. Rappley MD, Kallman JR. Middle Childhood. In: Carey EB, Crocker AC, Coleman WL, Elias ER, Feldman HM, eds. Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, 9th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2009:50-61.

2. Fish EW, Shakrokh D, Bagot R, et al. Epigenetic programming of stress responses through variations in maternal care. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1036:167-80.

3. Pollak SD, Nelson CA, Schlaak MF, et al. Neurodevelopmental effects of early deprivation in post-institutionalized children. Child Dev 2010;81:224-36.

4. Knudsen E. Sensitive periods in the development of the brain and behavior. J Cogn Neurosci 2004;16:1412-25.

5. Middle Childhood Matters. Child and Youth Health Network. <www.child-youth-health.net/en/child-youth-health/Middle&lowbar;Childhood&lowbar;Matters&lowbar;p275.html> (Accessed on November 7, 2010).

6. Middle Childhood Inside and Out:The Psychological and Social. World of Children 9-12. United Way of the Lower Mainland Report March 2007. <www.uwlm.ca> (Accessed on November 7, 2010).

7. Browne G, Byrne C, Roberts J, Gafni A, Whittaker S. When the Bough Breaks: Provider-initiated comprehensive care is more effective and less expensive for sole-support parents on social assistance. Soc Sci Med 2001;53:1697-710.

8. Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, et al. Aerobic fitness in preadolescent children. Dev Neurosci 2010;32:249-56.

9. Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, et al. A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume and memory performance in preadolscent children. Brain Res 2010;1358:172-83.

10. Aberga MAI, Pedersenc NL, Torene K, et al. Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood. PNAS 2009;106:20906-11.

11. Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:58-65.

12. Toga AW, Thompson PM, Sowell ER. Mapping brain maturation Trends Neurosci 2006;29:148-59.

13. Szaflarski JP, Schmithorst VJ, Altaye M, et al. A longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study of language development in children 5 to 11 years old. Ann Neurol 2006;59:796-807.

14. Roberts W, Strayer J. Empathy, emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior. Child Dev 1996;67:449-70.

15. Hetherington EM, Parke RD, Gauvain M, Locke VO. Child Psychology: A contemporary View, 6th edn. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006.

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