Unit 3: The Early Modern Period 1450-1750

Western Europe

European Thought and Expression Changing

• Renaissance
• Protestant Reformation
• Scientific Revolution
• Enlightenment

European Exploration and Expansion

Exploration Led to Accidental Spread of Disease

• Francisco Pizarro
• Disease, superior weapons, and help from enemies of Incas allowed Pizarro to gain control of the region by 1535

European Imperialism and New Governments Led to Establishment of New Social Systems

• Spanish viceroys were appointed governors of the five regions of New Spain

Increase in European Trade

Encouraged by Hanseatic League and Crusades

New Efficient Trade Routes

Royal Families Supported Exploration

In Portugal...

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Portugal financed voyage of Dias

Important Explorers

• Vasco da Gama
• Columbus
• Ferdinand Magellan

Inventions that Aided Exploration During this Time Period

• Sternpost Rudder
• Lateen Sails
• Astrolabe
• Magnetic Compass
• Three-Masted Caravals

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

• Focused on western exploration and empire in New World
• Long-term impact on cultural developments of world
• Spanish Language and Culture
• Roman Catholicism
• Portuguese domination of coastal Africa, Indian Ocean, and Spice Islands

• Charles V
• Member of Hapsburg family
• Holy Roman emperor
• Elected by German princes

• Lost parts of Hungary to Ottoman Turks in early 16th century
• Thirty Years' war (1618-1648) weakened emperors
• By 18th century, nothern German city-states were nearing independence toward becoming nation-states

Thirty Years' War

• 1618
• Protestant territories in Bohemia, which was under Catholic Hapsburg clan rule, challenged authority of the Holy Roman Catholic emperor
• Peace of Augsburg was supposed to stop conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in 1555
• Failed
• Huge religious and political war
• France, Denmark, and Sweden, among others, got involved
• Actual fighting stayed within German empire
• Devastated and depopulated
• Peace of Westphalia in 1648
• Independence of small German states
• Prussia strongest
• Holy Roman Empire weak
• Territories reduced
• Royal family less powerful
• Survived until 1806
• Barely any true power
• France benefited from war
• most powerful country during 17th century under Louis XIV

Notables of Western Europe

Columbian Exchange

Potosi Silver Mine Controlled by Spanish

Dutch East India Company: Controlled routes to the Spice Islands

Increased Trade->mercantilism->country wanted to trade but not to import more than it exported

Russia

Moscow now center of Orthodox Christianity

Byzantine Empire Fell -> Moscow "Third Rome"

• Ivan III of Moscow refused to pay tribute to Mongols
• Led to freedom from Mongol rule
• Ivan IV establish absolute rule in Russia
• Uniting and expanding it eastward
• Peasants recruited
• Freedom from feudal lords if settle in new lands
• Cossacks
• Strong leader and held absolute power
• Became known as Ivan the Terrible
• Czar
• Absolute Power
• Reign of Terror

Ivan IV's death in 1584->no heir->Russia's feudal lords battle->Time of Trouble 1604-1613 -> Michael Romanov elected czar by feudal lords-> Romanov Dynasty

Peter the Great 1682-1725

• Westernize Russia
• First Navy
• St. Petersburg new capital
• Women in western clothing
• Men shave beards
• Effect of this was that serfs turned to slaves
• Forced to do hard labor of building the city

Catherine the Great 1762-1796

• Education and western culture
• Repressive serfdom
• Limited growth of merchant class
• Cut Russia off from influence of the French Revolution
• Pugachev Rebellion 1773-1775
• Used it as an excuse to get central government more involved regionally

Russia affecting diplomatic and military developments around the world by end of 18th century

Muslim Empires:

• Ottoman
• Safavid
• Mughal

Africa

West Coast:

Kongo

• Interaction through trade with Portuguese merchants in 1480s
• Kings converted to Roman Catholicism
• Portuguese controlled kings to get slaves
• Led to eventual decline

Portuguese established small trading post: Angola in 1575

• Angola grew into powerful state

Effects of Slave Trade

• Empire of Asante rose to power in area called Gold Coast
• Had control of gold-producing zones
• Ruler of Benin, in 1516, never made slave trade main source of revenue
• Kingdom of Dahomey emerging as a power in 17th century
• Began to rely more and more on firearms and slave cycle
• Became slave state

Dutch Colony:

• Boers pushed northward->Bantu extending movement to south
• Britain seized Cape Colony in 1795
• Clear out Africans
• Failed at limiting Boer settlements and their use of African labor

Boers had Great Trek to free themselves of government interference

• Rise of Zulu and other Nguni chiefdoms led to mfecane
• "wars of crushing and wandering"
• Zulu control expanded
• forced migrations led to constant fighting
• Led to Zulu Wars of 1870s
• As a result, British Empire expanded
• Zulus lost independence and power

Trade in Asian Trading Network

• Arab Zone
• Indian Zone
• Chinese Zone

Chinese Dynasties of Importance:

Ming China

Qing China

• Sixteenth Century-Shoguns continued to rule, while emperor was a figurehead
• 1600-Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa Shogunate

• Exploration
• Intellectual Evolution
• Technological Improvements
• Important Women Leaders

Works Cited

Burnett. "AP* World History." AP* World History. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2013.

"China: The Ming (1368-1644) and the Qing (1644-1912)."Asia for Educators. Asia for

Educators, n.d. Web. 7 May 2013.

<http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_ming.htm>.

Main Essay. 2005. Photograph. Mackinac Center for Public PolicyWeb. 7 May 2013.

<http://www.mackinac.org/images.aspx?ID=7114>.

Shah Jahan on Horseback: Leaf from Shah Jahan Album. 1955. Photograph. Heilbrunn Timeline

of Art HistoryWeb. 7 May 2013. <http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-

art/55.121.10.21>.

Stearns, Peter N., Michael Adas, Stuart B. Schwartz, and March J. Gilbert. World Civilizations:

The Global Experience. 5th ed. Vol. AP. New York: Pearson, 2007. Print.

The Thirty Years' War. 2012. Photograph. The WarWeb. 7 May 2013.

<http://historywithjunekim.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-thirty-years-wars.html>.

"Unit Notes." Course Notes. Course Notes, 2013. Web. 05 May 2013.

"World Civilizations, AP*

AP World History

Unit 3 :

The Early Modern Period

1450-1750

Group Member: Natalia Chaudhry, Elaina Vohra

Delaney Weber, Jake Patterson, John Megenhardt,

and Lia Mossler

European Trade Routes in 1750