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Examples of

Kamel's leadership model

  • Socialists respected him although he was a conservative Muslim.
  • The regime was corrupt and it was not easy for him to establish his vision.
  • Poverty and low rates of education in the society
  • He was very dependent on the French and Ottoman Empire
  • He turned a blind eye to France's colonial policy in Tunisia and Algeria (Fahmy 2008)
  • He was not able to remove the British occupation from Egypt (Fahmy 2008)

Legacy

Mustafa Kamel Pasha

A patriot

Inspirational leader, but?

Milestones

Early years

  • In 1908, he established a political party, named the National Party.
  • During one of his strong speeches in Alexandria, he started reciting a poem, saying "Beladi, Beladi..". Among the audience was Sayed Darwish, who was a young man at the moment, but he memorized the beautiful poem by heart, only to compose its music and for it become Egypt's National Anthem.
  • He was very articulate and eloquent; many quotes are still remembered until now.
  • In 1900, Mustafa Kamel founded Al-Liwa' newspaper in which he adopted an anti-occupation rhetoric to try to tell the masses the evils of the occupation and to unveil its evils in an attempt to garner popular support. The paper was in Arabic, English and French
  • He has also taken part in establishing Cairo University, which he did not get to witness its opening (he died before).
  • He was born in Cairo on August 14th, 1874.
  • His father was an army officer, but he chose to be a lawyer and later a journalist
  • He studied law in the French Law School in Cairo and then in France in Toulouse.

1908

1900

1907

1882

1874

Turning Point

Context in Egypt

  • Mustafa Kamel appealed to the Egyptian people to support him and fight for their country's independence. However, his endavor was not met with popular support.
  • He resorted to the international community and used to seek the backing of France and the Ottoman Empire.
  • In 1906, however, Denshway incident happened and it generated an uproar. Mustafa Kamel capitalized on that sentiment and garnered a lot of popular support for the independence cause. He has also written a firing letter to Le Figaro, which resounded across the world.

The time when Mustafa Kamel was a young man, the British occupation had taken over Egypt. Khedeiv Abbas Helmy II was the ruler at the time. He was opposed to the British occupation of Egypt and Sudan. The popular mass was intimidated by the authority of Great Britain at the time, which Mustafa Kamel had to struggle with.

3. Versatile communicator

4. Balcony view and stakeholder analysis

References

  • A chameleon-like communicator he was equally comfortable in Western or Egyptian setting
  • A charismatic orator and writer, in Arabic, English, and French
  • Gained unprecedented access to European mass media outlets

  • Abbas Hilmi II
  • The Ottoman Empire
  • Egyptian Public; Urban population
  • Ummah Party; Wealthy Landowners
  • French Government and Public
  • British Public

2. Finding Partners, A Realist Perspective

French Government and Public

French Chamber of Deputies

Represented the French as benevolent and culturally superior to the English

Entente Cordiale in 1904

French author Juliette Adam

Was key to opening the doors of French society

She hosted a literary salon in Paris attended by many prominent French journalists and political figures of the time.

Mustafa Kamil spent every summer from 1895 to 1907 in France publicizing his mass media campaign against British Colonial rule

2. Finding Partners, A Realist Perspective

British Public, and Utilizing unfortunate events

Abbas Hilmi II

A Nationalistic politically active law student, attracted the attention of the young Abbas Hilmi II

Abbas sponsored Kamil’s continuing law education in Toulouse, where he received his law degree in November 1894.

Abbas supported many of his nationalistic efforts.

Abbas wanted to mobilize Egyptian nationalist feelings in order to counter British colonial authority.

Abbas wanted to gain more of his Khedival Authority, rather than eradicate British presence

"If I weren't an Egyptian, I would have wished to be an Egyptian,” a well known quote in Egyptian modern history.

“The history of colonialism is often portrayed as a black-and-white encounter between colonizers and colonized. Pasha demonstrates the fallaciousness of this simplistic and dichotomous interpretation” (Fahmy, 2008, p.8).

His education, cultural habits, and linguistic abilities endowed him with a “chameleon-like quality to function equally well in either a European or an Egyptian environment” (Fahmy, 2008, p.8).

It was this cultural flexibility that facilitated his “unprecedented access to European mass media outlets and enabled them to communicate clearly and sympathetically to a European audience” (Fahmy, 2008, p.8).

Kamil’s publicity campaigns did not take place in a political vacuum. “Anti-British sentiment and a growing consensus of the need for British withdrawal from Egypt were already taking root in France” (Fahmy, 2008, p.8).

Kamil’s European public campaigns did not achieve the goal of removing the British from Egypt, yet he “succeeded in frustrating British colonial efforts” (Fahmy, 2008, p.8).

1. Clear Vision, shaping

Egyptian Nationalism

British Public, and Utilizing unfortunate events

“A motherland that does not get its nourishment from the seeds it plants and that wears clothes made by others is sentenced to subjection and annihilation. And one who scorns any of the rights of his religion or his motherland, even only once, will forever remain with a shaky ideology and ailing strength.

“Free in our country, hospitable to all”

Kamil’s Figaro article caused an instant journalistic sensation throughout continental Europe; more important, for the first time some mainstream British newspapers were sympathetically covering Kamil

Kamil’s publicity of the Dinshaway incident ultimately forced the resignation of Lord Cromer from his position as British proconsul in Egypt

1. Clear Vision, shaping Egyptian Nationalism

2. Finding Partners, A Realist Perspective

3. Versatile communicator

4. Balcony view and stakeholder analysis

Fahmy, Z. (2008).Francophone Egyptian Nationalists, Anti-British Discourse, and European Public Opinion, 1885 – 1910: The Case of Mustafa Kamil and Ya‘qub Sannu.‘Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 28, 2008, pp. 170-183. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cst/summary/v028/28.1.fahmy.html

Banquet at Carleton Hotel

The banquet was attended by several members of Parliament including Lord Lytton and John Mackinnon Robertson, who was one of the leading liberal members of Parliament

Kamil gave Bannerman a list of thirty-two names including Sa‘d Zaghlul, Qasim Amin, Muhammad Farid, Adli Yakan, Ahmad Lutfi, al-Sayid, ‘Aziz ‘Izat, and Husayn Rushdi

The results of this meeting were almost immediate, and from Kamil’s list the British government assigned Zaghlul as minister of education, which would be the first step in the inclusion of more Egyptians into key government positions

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