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The time when Mustafa Kamel was a young man, the British occupation had taken over Egypt. Khedeiv Abbas Helmy II was the ruler at the time. He was opposed to the British occupation of Egypt and Sudan. The popular mass was intimidated by the authority of Great Britain at the time, which Mustafa Kamel had to struggle with.
French Chamber of Deputies
Represented the French as benevolent and culturally superior to the English
Entente Cordiale in 1904
French author Juliette Adam
Was key to opening the doors of French society
She hosted a literary salon in Paris attended by many prominent French journalists and political figures of the time.
Mustafa Kamil spent every summer from 1895 to 1907 in France publicizing his mass media campaign against British Colonial rule
Abbas Hilmi II
A Nationalistic politically active law student, attracted the attention of the young Abbas Hilmi II
Abbas sponsored Kamil’s continuing law education in Toulouse, where he received his law degree in November 1894.
Abbas supported many of his nationalistic efforts.
Abbas wanted to mobilize Egyptian nationalist feelings in order to counter British colonial authority.
Abbas wanted to gain more of his Khedival Authority, rather than eradicate British presence
"If I weren't an Egyptian, I would have wished to be an Egyptian,” a well known quote in Egyptian modern history.
“The history of colonialism is often portrayed as a black-and-white encounter between colonizers and colonized. Pasha demonstrates the fallaciousness of this simplistic and dichotomous interpretation” (Fahmy, 2008, p.8).
His education, cultural habits, and linguistic abilities endowed him with a “chameleon-like quality to function equally well in either a European or an Egyptian environment” (Fahmy, 2008, p.8).
It was this cultural flexibility that facilitated his “unprecedented access to European mass media outlets and enabled them to communicate clearly and sympathetically to a European audience” (Fahmy, 2008, p.8).
Kamil’s publicity campaigns did not take place in a political vacuum. “Anti-British sentiment and a growing consensus of the need for British withdrawal from Egypt were already taking root in France” (Fahmy, 2008, p.8).
Kamil’s European public campaigns did not achieve the goal of removing the British from Egypt, yet he “succeeded in frustrating British colonial efforts” (Fahmy, 2008, p.8).
“A motherland that does not get its nourishment from the seeds it plants and that wears clothes made by others is sentenced to subjection and annihilation. And one who scorns any of the rights of his religion or his motherland, even only once, will forever remain with a shaky ideology and ailing strength.
“Free in our country, hospitable to all”
Kamil’s Figaro article caused an instant journalistic sensation throughout continental Europe; more important, for the first time some mainstream British newspapers were sympathetically covering Kamil
Kamil’s publicity of the Dinshaway incident ultimately forced the resignation of Lord Cromer from his position as British proconsul in Egypt
Fahmy, Z. (2008).Francophone Egyptian Nationalists, Anti-British Discourse, and European Public Opinion, 1885 – 1910: The Case of Mustafa Kamil and Ya‘qub Sannu.‘Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 28, 2008, pp. 170-183. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cst/summary/v028/28.1.fahmy.html
The banquet was attended by several members of Parliament including Lord Lytton and John Mackinnon Robertson, who was one of the leading liberal members of Parliament
Kamil gave Bannerman a list of thirty-two names including Sa‘d Zaghlul, Qasim Amin, Muhammad Farid, Adli Yakan, Ahmad Lutfi, al-Sayid, ‘Aziz ‘Izat, and Husayn Rushdi
The results of this meeting were almost immediate, and from Kamil’s list the British government assigned Zaghlul as minister of education, which would be the first step in the inclusion of more Egyptians into key government positions