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Koreans are permanent residents of Japan, but hold North or South Korean citizenship. Most Zainichi came to Japan during the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945.

Treaty of Kanghwa (1876)

Korean Rights (After 1952)

Colonial Assimilation Policies

"Japanization of Koreans"

"Unequal Treaty [between Meiji Japan and Joseon Dynasty Korea] under which Japan utilized for consular jurisdiction" (3)

"A policy to respect their human rights;

An assimilation policy;

An exclusion policy; or

An oppression policy."

- Fukuoka Yasunori, Saitama University

Saitama University Review, Vol.31, No.1.

- Acts of worship at Shinto shrines

- Use of Japanese language

- Korean Civil Affairs Ordinance 1939:

Use of Japanese names by Koreans living in Japan

- "Naisen Ittai" - Homeland and Korea as One

- Granted Rights of any holder of Japanese nationality

- Voting Rights

- Free choice of nationality

- No ethnic Schools

- Use of a Japanese name is compulsory

- No position of government or administrative authority

Kim Yang-Ja or Kanai Yoshiko?Third generation Zainichi Korean

1945

1910

2013

Attitudes in society: Negative

Attitudes in Society: Positive

1952

1939

1876

Adapting

”Koreans aren’t allowed”

Not Kin, Kanai

Can’t get jobs

”We’re different from that lot.”

Table tennis club: ”Oh really? I never knew!”

Relationship: Didn’t seem to bother him

Nursing job: Ethnicity didn’t matter

Jeogori: ”Oh how pretty you look!”

Japan Formally Annexed Korea (1910-1918)

Denial:

Embarrassed, guilty, keeping it a secret and resisting

Realization:

Not ashamed of her Korean background, not too comfortable

Feels Japanese, not really keeping her background a secret, but does not want to get involved in Korean environment

Embarrassment of their cultural background: “After all, it’s not bad being a Zainichi Korean.”

Adaptation and Integration (?):

No intention of naturalizing,

Can’t speak Korean,

“Even if I did speak Korean, I’d have no one to use it with.”

Views Japan as homeland.

Zainichi Koreans Today

August 15, 1945

Victory in Japan Day

Economic Refugees and Forced Migrant Labor

A) Land Survey Enterprises (Tochi Chosa Jigyo Gaiyo)

B) Rice Production Increase Plan (Sanmai Zoshoku Keikaku 1920-1934)

Led to the destruction of Korean livelihood:

1) Men come on their own as temporary migrant workers

2) Married male migrants bring families from Korea, or unmarried migrants find a spouse then start family life in Japan

1996 -

657, 159 Registered Foreigners in Japan with North or South Korean Nationality

Ethnic groups (CIA World Fact Book):

Japanese 98.5%, Koreans 0.5%, Chinese 0.4%, other 0.6%

note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil (2004)

- Japan has surrendered to the Allies after almost 6 years of war

- 600,000 estimated Koreans stayed behind

- Korean districts destroyed

- December 1945, Alien Registration Ordinance

Korean Japanese Nationals = No family Registration on Japanese territory

1. For the Japanese students:

Did you have any Koreans in your classes during your education period and if you had how was the attitude towards them?

2. Would you choose to naturalize? What do you think about their (regarding the cases) decision of naturalizing ?

3. What can be done to make the adaptation period easier for minorities in Japan?

Minorities in Japan: Zainichis

Saeko Kikuchi,

Sebastian Kjellman,

Camlinh To, Esra Zihni

Tokumizu Mitsuo

Father’ Story after the War

- Elder Brother killed in Japanese Labor Camp

- Tokumizu’s father did not hold any hostility towards Japan

- Naturalized Japanese for the sake of his sons

-Continues to refer to himself as a proud Korean

Mother's Story

- Born in Tokyo, applied for naturalization

- Second Generation Zainichi Korean

- Does not hide that she is Korean

- Concerned about sons' marriage because they’re not accepted in both cultures

Tokumizu's Story

- Wasn’t aware that he was Korean

- Japanese schooling

- Never had contact with fellow Koreans

- Didn’t know about his Korean name

Denial

- Didn’t want to carry an alien registration card

- But he began to tell some friends about his Korean identity and was accepted

-He thinks this attitude among his social circles will continue

Adjustment/Denial

-Became naturalized Japanese because he didn’t feel Korean

- "90% Japanese and 10% Korean"

-No interest in reconnecting with his Korean identity since he has Japanese friends and his Japanese girlfriend

Conclusion of Case Study

- "Naturalizing Type" - Basic desire to become Japanese

-Purpose: Escape discrimination

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