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Protein Synthesis

Mutations

  • Point mutations:changes in one DNA nucleotide pair
  • Missense or nonsense mutations: caused by nucleotide-pair substitutions
  • Nucleotide-pair insertions or deletions: can produce frameshift mutations

Mutations

  • Point mutations:changes in one DNA nucleotide pair
  • Missense or nonsense mutations: caused by nucleotide-pair substitutions
  • Frameshift mutations: may produce frameshift mutations

Mutagens

Physical and chemical agents interact with DNA in ways that cause mutations

ex: UV light

Translation

2 Overall Protein Synthesis Steps

  • Transcription
  • Translation
  • Synthesis of a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is decided by the nucleotide sequence in mRNA
  • tRNA
  • Anti-codon
  • Stages of translation
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
  • P, A, and E binding sites

Transcription

  • Pre-mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus using information in the template strand of DNA
  • Promoter
  • TATA box
  • Start/stop codon
  • Pre-mRNA is spliced and modified to produce mRNA
  • Introns and exons
  • Spliceosomes
  • Capping

Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes

In prokaryotes, mRNA produced by transcription is immediately translated because of the lack of a nucleus.

In eukaryotes, the nucleus provides a separate compartment for transcription.

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