HOW SECTIONALISM CAUSED THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

Hamilton versus Jefferson!

• The New Nation, newly free of the British shadow, had one key problem; there was no blueprint! There wasn't a set government, which caused mayhem with lawbreaking citizens and a huge amount of distrust amongst the people.
• Hamilton (federalist) and Jefferson ( anti-federalist) were a part of George Washington's cabinet, the list of advisers. The main issue the president had was creating a new government and finding unity and trust with the citizens of the new nation.
• Hamilton's views on how to resolve this differed greatly than that of Jefferson. Hamilton encouraged a strong national government, a taxing system, raising voting requirements and establishing a National Banking System. Hamilton was favored by the North, which was made up of bankers and landowners.
• This is where a rift begins, because Jefferson, who was heavily supported by the South, had different ideas on dealing with the Nation. Jefferson pulled for a strong state government, believing it should be more local. He also wanted to lower voting requirements and disapproved of the National Banking system because he didn't want British involvement. Jefferson viewed agriculture as "the backbone of America". Maybe this is why he is favored by the farmers and lower class.

Upset with taxes, including the excise tax (taxed goods being made, sold, and distributed), the farmers decided to put their foot down. They felt like they were just being used by the government to help pay off the debt and they threatened to secede. However, Washington's response was to send 13,000 troops to Pennsylvania to stop the revolt-and the plan succeeds! Point one for the federalists. Anti-federalists didn't idly watch though, they felt like Washington reacted to harshly, and even though it was the first time the executive branch stepped in, the rift between the two parties split deeper with their differences.

In response to American soldiers being captured and killed by British ships, Jefferson convinces congress to pass the embargo act, cutting Britain off on exported goods from America and other foreign countries. This was to gain respect from them and Britain on the concept of neutrality, however, the plan backfired and hurt America's economy greatly. It effected the North because the act forbade Northern shippers from sailing into other foreign exports, and thus, the economy took a turn for the worse. One positive outcome was that it forced the US to create a domestic economy. The North however, developed differently than of the South. The North industrialized while the South stuck with agriculture and slavery, which would only expedite the hostility between t the two regions.

There were three parts to the American system, a protective tariff, internal improvements, and a national bank. Already these ideas caused disputes and uneasy feelings amongst the North and the South. The tariff forced Britain to find another foreign market to trade from, however this effected the South because they relied to much on foreign markets for their goods. The tariff forced them to buy from the North, who abused this and raised the taxes on the goods, making the North's economy more beneficial. The South was also upset with internal improvements because the canals and roads connected the North with the West, which only helped improve the North. The southerners did not want to pay tax that would only help the North!

As America expands west, new territory is discovered and gained. The main issue? Slavery! The North pushes for free states while the South fights for slave states. The territory of Texas wants to become a state, however the North opposes its statehood while the South supports it, in hoping that it will become a slave state. To avoid issues, Congress declares that Texas will become the lone star republic, which makes it an independent country. This, however, deeply upsets Mexico and pushes towards war.

With the invention of the cotton gin, cotton became a dominating good, making the south extremely powerful, especially with their British ties due to foreign influence. This meant that if civil war were to break out, the South would have Britain to back them up. This continues to show the disunity between the North and the South.

"So you're the little lady that started this war"-Abraham Lincoln.

Uncle Tom's Cabin, a huge influential factor towards the American civil war, was written by a woman named Harriet Beecher Stowe, an abolitionist. This novel pointed out the hardships of slavery and how it wasn't just a political contest, but a moral issue as well! It exposed the harsh realities without giving a clear answer to slavery and raised strong reactions with the North and the South. In modern terms, it "shoved the South under the bus", attacking the South and their views. It only caused the North to further judge the South and push for the end of slavery expansion.

HOW SECTIONALISM CAUSED THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

A Prezi by Margaret Schriefer

Jay's Treaty

The American Revolution triggers the French Revolution!

To carry out Washington's plan of neutrality, a treaty was negotiated with Britain, to avoid war (it worked!) Of course, there can never just be peace, there has to be some compensation with it. In return for agreeing with the treaty, the US would pay off British debt (an item Hamilton supported heavily), Britain would still be allowed to continue to trade on the American side of the American-Canadian border (an issue the Dem- Republicans had because there became a stronger tie with the federalists, federal government, and Britain) and the British would pay for damages caused by impressments.

John Jay's treaty was despised because it showed that America was caving into Britain, and it made America not appear as strong!

CHAPTER 10 B: FOREIGN ENTANGLEMENTS

Inspired by the American Revolution, the fed up French citizens (upset with the French government) decided to take action! Of course, they couldn't do it alone, and called up America to help. This divides up the liberals/Jeffersonians from the conservatives/Hamiltonians. Both sides were at odds.

The liberals were all for encouraging democracy, and pulled for France because they came to America's aid during the American revolution.

The conservatives disapproved of the mobocracy and pulled for England because that's where they came from (loyalty) and they provided the bank of the United States blueprints.

Naturally, the liberals turned up their nose; they didn't want anything to do with England! Washington's response? Neutrality...

CHAPTER 10 A: LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION

Rising Tariffs and South Carolina Exposition

1796 Presidential Election

Texas vs US Congress

American Economies

Still holding grudges since the Madison's Tariff of 1816, the South continues to resent the North, the rich, and the federal government for raising taxes on goods. The South has been forced to buy from the North, which only serves to boost their economy and eliminates British competition. The South viewed this as a death to unity, because their economy continued to suffer!

As America grew, the North and the South went separate ways when it came down to their economies. The North became more industrialized thanks to the industrial revolution, making their economy boom and providing several job opportunities. The South based their economy around agriculture and slavery, which increased heavily once the cotton gin was invented. With the acceleration of slavery, tension grew worse between the North and the South because the North wanted to stop the expansion of slavery while the South believed it to be necessary.

This election caused a tremendous amount of rising tension with the threat of war with France on the way (due to the fact that America ignored the Franco-American Treaty). Hamilton was a possible federalist candidate as was Adams. However, the majority of electoral votes was in favor of Adams and the runner-up, which was Jefferson became Vice President. Hamilton and several Northerners questioned Adams and his beliefs (pulls for neutrality). Under Adams, the French become more and more upset with American (Jay's Treaty) and their response is capturing American ships. This continues to cause a rift between the federalists and anti-federalists because they question what is being done and tension continues to rise.

Chapter 10 C: President Adams-President Jefferson

Chapter 13 B

Chapter 13 A: Jacksonian Democracy

Chapter 12: End of War of 1812 and Nationalism Emerges

Alien and Sedition Acts

Gadsden Purchase

The American System

Jackson and Congressional response to Nullification and South Carolina Exposition

This purchase was the final homestretch for America in completing its Manifest Destiny. By purchasing this small area of land, it connected America all the way to the Pacific Ocean, and a plan to create a transcontinental railroad from New Orleans to this ocean was set into place. Southerners saw that a railroad linking the south to the pacific coast would expand trading opportunities. However, the southern routes tended to run to the north at the eastern end, which favored the connections with the northern railroad and ultimately benefit the northern seaports, continuing to boost their economy.

These two acts played a key part in sectionalism, mainly because the federalists and democratic republics had such strong opinions about them. The alien acts were supported by the federalists, because it raised the requirements for American citizenship and granted the President deportation power. The sedition acts were also supported by the federalists because it limited the 1st amendment to those who criticized the government. Naturally, the democratic-republic would see differently, noting that it isn't right to take away a citizen's rights to speech and expression. This only further caused a rift between the two parties!

Upset with the South for protesting against the tariff, he threatens to hang the southern leaders if they don't pay the taxes. A compromise was reached, known as Henry Clay's Tariff Compromise, which would make the tariff decrease after 8 years, relieving the pressure on the South while still letting the North get what they want. However, congress passed a bill (famously known as the Bloody Bill) which granted power to the president to use any force to collect federal tax. This deeply upset the southerners because it was allowing the president an immense amount of power.

Hamilton's 4 Part Plan!

The Whiskey Rebellion

Protective Tariff Vs Excise Tax

Bank War/Hydra of Corruption

1807 Embargo Act

The agenda items

Southerners were extremely upset with the new taxes being enforced. These taxes made it more expensive to purchase imported goods from other countries, forcing the South to buy from the North, only boosting the North's economy. The overall goal of the protective tariff was to promote Americans to buy American goods.

A huge issue between the North and the South was the concept of banks. The south was against the BOUS because it had federal involvement and was considered monopolistic. It also carried metal money, which the South felt like it should be soft money, or paper money. This led to healthier private banks and would make loans easier to pay off. Jackson was used as a pawn for Webster and Henry Clay, who planned to recharter the BOUS. This raised trouble because if Jackson vetoed it, the North would be upset yet if he signed it, it would upset the South and the West. The issue made it extremely difficult because no side could be pleased or happy.

• pay off all debt in full (this was a key item because it would show that America could handle its debt, which was important in Hamilton's plan)
• A tariff
• Tax on goods
• A national bank

The plan was heavily supported in the North, however the plan was opposite of what the South wanted. They especially opposed the taxes!

Missouri Compromise

The Peculiar Institution

The Missouri Compromise is what truly gets the ball rolling! In 1819, Missouri wanted to become a slave state (which would tip the scale between free vs slave states). Following this, the Tallmadge Amendment was established in the House to limit slavery, however this was soon shot down. The overall argument was the issue of slavery and how it should be handled. The North was trying to liberate slavery while the South pushed to extend it. They saw slavery as necessary due to their agriculture based economy

Chapter 16: The South and the abolition/slavery controversy

Hartford Convention

Balancing the Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850, proposed by Henry Clay, exclaimed that California would become a free state (however it got to skip the requirements for statehood, a matter which greatly upset the South) and this in turn tipped the balance of the Senate to North as well as tipped the balance of the number of free versus slave states! Conflict continued to rise between the two regions as they battled for their beliefs; the southerners trying to expand slavery while the North was trying to subdue the expansion.

High federalist extremists desperately wanted the war of 1812 to end because it messed with their trade and thus damaging their economy. They threatened with secession and the response was the Hartford Convention. They demanded financial assistance (which increased tax rates) and called for a 2/3 vote of Congress support before an embargo, new state, or war is declared. These demands came across as petty and became the death of the federalist party! This gave more power for the individual states and benefited the North.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle

Fugitive Slave Act

A big controversy of the Compromise of 1850 was the fugitive slave acts that the South passed. This act gave Northerners two options when it came to the fugitive slaves. They could either help them escape to Canada or return them back to their slave owners for $10. However, the North objected this because if they returned the slaves, the 6th amendment would be skipped for them, and their owners would be speaking for them. They responded by in turn passing personal liberty laws that made it clear that Northerners did not have to chase and return fleeing slaves. The issue only deepened the tension between the two regions as they continued to voice their opinions.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Slave Owners Defend Slavery

Although the passing of this act was beneficial to both the North and the South, it still received heavy criticism from slavocracy theorist. The act was passed so that the railroad could be moved from the south up into the north, and the Kansas-Nebraska territory was given popular sovereignty, something that the south deeply appreciated. However, this then caused the Missouri Compromise to be repealed, leaving the Nebraska territory open to the extension of slavery due to popular sovereignty. Because of this, the Northerners and the free-soilers fought back, creating a newly energized republican party in 1856, focusing on the anti-extension of slavery, and this time they were truly focused. This only pushed the two regions closer and closer to the start of the civil war...

Desperate to show the North that slavery isn't bad, the South points out that they teach their slaves paternalism, the southern economy is prospering, and religion was encouraged with the slaves. The North, still dependent on the cotton industry, push that they just want the abolition movement to subside (slavery shouldn't be expanded). This was the birth of the free-soil party (people who opposed the extension of slavery in unclaimed territory).

"Doin' big things"