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Developed by - Julian Rotter and Benjamin Willerman.
In the early 1940s.
Used for - Screening large groups of soldiers to evaluate adjustment and fitness to return to duty and to obtain specific information for evaluation and treatment.
Advantages:
1. Freedom of Response
2. Some disguise in the purpose of the test is present
3. Group administration is relatively efficient.
4. No special training is ordinarily necessary for administration
5.The method is extremely flexible in that new sentence beginnings can be constructed or tailor made for a variety of clinical, applied and experimental purposes
Disadvantages:
1. Susceptible to semi-objective scoring, it cannot be machine scored and requires general skill and knowledge of personality analysis for clinical appraisal and interpretation.
2. There is not as much disguise of purpose as in other projective methods. Consequently, sophisticated subject may be able to keep the examiner from knowing what he does not wish to reveal.
3. Insufficient material is obtained in some cases, particularly from illiterate, disturbed or uncooperative subjects. Application of the method as a group test also requires writing and language skills and has not yet been adequately evaluated for potential clinical usefulness for younger children.
SCORING:
Omission Response: Not Scored
“C” or conflict, responses are those indicating an un healthy or maladjusted frame of mind. These include hostility reactions, pessimism, symptom elicitation, hopelessness and suicidal wishes, statements of unhappy experiences, and indications of past maladjustment.
Responses range from C1 to C3 according to the severity of the conflict or maladjusted expressed. The numerical weights for the conflict responses are
C1 (4) = Typical of the C1 category are responses in which concern is expressed regarding such things as the world state of affairs, financial problems, specific school difficulties, physical complaints, identification with minority groups, and so on. In general it might be said that subsumed under C1 are minor problems which are not deep-seated or incapacitating, and more or less specific difficulties.
C2 (5) = More serious indications of maladjustment are found in the C2 category. On the whole the responses refer to broader, more generalized difficulties than are found in C1. I Included here are expressions of inferiority feelings, psychosomatic complaints, concern over possible failure, generalized school problems, lack of goals, feeling of inadequacy, concern over vocational choice, and difficulty in heterosexual relationships as well as generalized social difficulty.
C3 (6) = Expression of severe conflict or indications of maladjustments are rated C3. Among the difficulties found in this area are suicidal wishes, sexual conflicts, severe family problems, fear of insanity, strong negative attitudes toward people in general, feelings of confusion, expression of rather bizarre attitudes, and so forth.
“P” or positive responses are those indicating a healthy or hopeful frame of mind. These are evidence by humorous or flippant remarks, optimistic responses, and acceptance reactions. Responses range from P1to P3 depending on the degree of good adjustment expressed in the statement. The numerical weights for the positive responses are
P1 (2) = In the P1 class common responses are those which deal with positive attitudes toward school, hobbies, sports, expression interest in people, expression of warm feeling toward some individual and so on.
P2 (1) =Generally found under the heading of P2 are those replies which indicate a generalized positive feeling toward people, good social adjustment, healthy family life, optimism and humor.
P3 (0) = Clear cut good natured humor, real optimism, and warm acceptance are types of responses which are subsumed under the P3 group. The ISB deviates from the majority of the test in that it scores humorous responses.
NEUTRAL RESPONSES
“N” or neutral responses are those not falling clearly into either of the above categories. They are generally on a simple descriptive level. Two general types of responses which account for a large share of those that fall in the neutral category. One group includes those lacking emotional tone or personal reference. The other group is composed of many responses which are found as often among maladjusted as among adjusted individual and through clinical judgment could no be legitimately place in either C or P group. All the N responses are scored 3. For example, “Most girls . . . are females” or “When I was child . . . I spoke as a child”. These types of responses will lie in neutral responses.
RELATIVELY LONG RESPONSES
Additional Point (+1)
3. NEUTRAL RESPONSES
N=3
4. OMITTED RESPONSES
O=0
Add up the responses according to the key and check out the final results, making the interpretation through the cut off point i.e.
1. CONFLICT RESPONSES
C1=4
C2=5
C3=6
2. POSITIVE RESPONSES
P1=2
P2=1
P3=0
Categorize the responses according to the following factors
Total Score - Level
133 or less Adjusted
134 or more Maladjusted
There is no demand on the repondent for an immediate response. Thus, similar to the TAT, the responses people give are usually what they are willing to give, rather than what they cannot help but give.
Word Association
Visual stimuli, whereas the stimuli in the RISB are written sentence stems
TAT and Rorschach
PURPOSES