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Early 20’s
10% commit suicide or have a drug or alcohol problem
Factors- genetics, brain chemistry, brain abnormality and environmental factors.
(Dosomething.org)
Lose control of life and self
Couldn’t sleep/dreams about dying
Began to think people were after her
Make excuses to stay home
Smells
Imagined people were saying “get saved”
Attempt suicide ( Bottle of Darvon)
Kring, A. Johnson, S. Davison,G. Neale, J.2010, p319
5 different subtypes
Paranoid- Hallucinations and delusions, higher level of functioning
Disorganized-disorganization of thought process, may have difficulties with daily living tasks ( bathing and dressing)
Catatonic- rare subtype, repeating words of others or mimicking movements.
Undifferentiated- hallucinations or delusions but not specific enough to be classified as a specific subtype
Residual- Mild form of Schizophrenic symptoms.
Prevalence of Electro-Convulsive Therapy from early 1930s onward
- Discredited due to ethics and scope of early use
- Since shown to be ineffective when compared to alternate methods of treatment
(Kane, 1987)
-Contemporary treatment analysis through 'two headed' examination
- Evaluates treatment for both positive and negative symptoms
- Asserts distinctions in treatment efficacy regarding positive and negative symptoms
(Weiner, 2003)
- Combinative, comprehensive treatment involving both medication and psychosocial therapeutic sessions
- Research suggests more positive results from patients when exposed to further counselling and psychosocial therapy (Ponizovsky, 2005)
- Further positive results from family oriented, culturally informed therapy
- Additionally, complimentary psychotherapy showed further positive reactions from patients in several studies
(Weisman et al, 2014)
- All psychosocial treatments shown to work best alongside antipsychotic regimens
- Antipsychotics considered most successful and prevalent treatment
-Neuraleptics
- Older formulae
- Large list of side effects, less comparative efficacy in mitigation of overall symptoms
-Atypical Antipsychotics
- More common within contemporary psychopharmacology
- Less variety in side effects, more efficacy in treatment
- Major side effect in leading formulae deficiency in white blood cell production
- Largely used for treatment of positive symptoms, less effective or even counterproductive towards treatment of negative symptoms
- Exacerbation/onset of further negative symptoms more prevalent in older 'neuraleptic' type formulae
(Grohol, 2006)
Paranoid Schizophrenia:
-Hallucinations
-Delusions (paranoid)
0:00- 0:45 Physical transformation into swan
0:00- 0:24 “Out to get me”
-Social Relationships/Interactions
-Speech
-Lack of pleasure/emotion
Unusual behaviors and emotions 0:34
A disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion, and behavior. Disordered thinking, in which ideas are not logically related; faulty perception and attention; a lack of emotional expressiveness or, at times, inappropriate expressions; and disturbances in movement and behavior, such as a disheveled appearance.
Kring, A. Johnson, S. Davison,G. Neale, J. (2010)
Hallucinations- Usually aural, visual
- Can involve other senses in some cases
Delusions- false beliefs ( Paranoid delusions)
Disruption to normal emotions or behaviors.
Lack of pleasure in every day life
Speaking little, even when forced
Flat affect
(Dosomething.org)
Catatonia- A person stays in a single position for a long period of time.
(Dosomething.org)
False Beliefs that are not a part of the persons culture and do not change
Bizarre delusions
People can control their behavior by magnetic waves/ people on T.V are sending them special messages
Paranoid Delusions
People are trying to harm them
Plotting, spying or cheating against them or loved ones
"delusions of persecution.”
(NIMH)
Person sees, hears smells or feels that no one else can.
People/objects
Undetected odors
Voices
Invisible fingers on body
(NIMH)
Biological
- drug use, genetics
Environmental
- sexual assault, emotional abuse, social pressure, struggle for autonomy
Psychological
- perfectionist personality, emotional immaturity
Signs of eating disorder, anxiety, OCD, and self-harm
Two or more symptoms for a significant portion of time for at least one month.
Hallucinations
Negative symptoms
Social & Occupational Functioning have declined since onset
Signs of disturbance for at least 6 months; at least 1 month duration for delusions and hallucinations
Kring, A. Johnson, S. Davison,G. Neale, J. (2010)
-Enlarged ventricles: spaces in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Having larger fluid filled spaces implies loss of brain cells
Low metabolic rates in the prefrontal cortex
-Structural and functional abnormalities in the temporal cortex,
including areas such as the temporal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala and anterior congulate
- Gur, Turetsky, Cowell, et al., found that reduction in cortical gray matter volume was evident in the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and limbic structures (as cited in (Kring, Johnson & Davison, 2013)
(Kring, Johnson & Davison, 2013)
0:19- 0:47 attack it scene (dance stress)
Psychological Factors
“People with schizophrenia do not appear to experience more stress in daily life than people without schizophrenia (walker et al., 2008), however people with the disorder appear to be very reactive to the stressors we all encounter in daily living” (Kring, Johnson & Davison, 2013)
Stress
Personal
Family
Career
Everyday stressors
(Kring, Johnson & Davison, 2013)
Culmination of factors, extreme example of disorder:
0:00- 0:32 Dressing room stabbing
Biological Factors
Birth complications/ Gestational conflict
o Resulted in reduced supply of oxygen to the brain, resulting in loss of cortical gray matter (Cannon & Mednick, 1993)
o Maternal infections during pregnancy (most common influenza)
Cannabis use
0:27- 1:02 Cake scene with mom
Family Related factors
Fromm- Reichman (1948) “ schizophrenic mother” was coined for the supposedly cold and dominant, conflict-inducing parent who was said to produce schizophrenia in her offspring (as cited in Kring, Johnson & Davison, 2013, p. 272)
- These mothers were characterized as rejecting, overprotective, self-sacrificing, impervious to the feeling of others, rigid and fearful of intimacy.
Studies of families of people with schizophrenia have found they communicate more vaguely with one another and have higher levels of conflict than families without schizophrenia.
(Kring, Johnson & Davison, 2013)
Genetics:
Schizophrenia has a genetic component
Genetically heterogeneous
Genes vs. environment interaction
Genetic vulnerability: Molecular genetic studies and genome wide association studies (GWAS):
Includes DTNBP1, NGR1, BDNF, and COMT
Neurotransmitters:
(Dopamine)
Excess number of dopamine receptors or over sensitive dopamine receptors
Davis et al. :Excess of dopamine receptors are related to presence of positive symptoms (as cited in (Kring, Johnson & Davison, 2013, p. 266)
Dopamine neurons in the prefrontal cortex may be under active, and fail to exert inhibitory control over the dopamine neurons in the subcortical brain areas, such as the amygdala
The result: Dopamine overactivity
Faustman, Bardgett, Faull, et al.: Low levels of glutamate have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of people with schizophrenia, as well as low levels of the enzyme needed to produce glutamate (as cited in Kring, Johnson & Davison, 2013, p. 268)
Elevated levels of the amino acid homocysteine
(Kring, Johnson & Davison, 2013)
Patient has delusions (false beliefs) that a person or some individuals are plotting against them or members of their family.
11 Facts About Schizophrenia. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2014, from https://www.dosomething.org/facts/11-facts-about-schizophrenia
Grohol, J. (2006). Schizophrenia Treatment - Medications. Psychcentral. Retrieved 25 November 2014, from http://psychcentral.com/disorders/schizophrenia/schizo_treatment.htm
Kane, J. (1987). Treatment of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(1), 133-156. doi:10.1093/schbul/13.1.133
Kring, A. Johnson, S. Davison,G. Neale, J. . (2010), Abnormal Psychology , Asia : John Wiley & sons.
Ponizovsky, A. M. (2005). Review of 'Schizophrenia: Innovations in diagnosis and treatment'. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 29(1), 84-85. doi:10.1037/h0094508
Schizophrenia. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2014, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia/index.shtml
Weiner, I. (2003). The "two-headed" latent inhibition model of schizophrenia: modeling positive and negative symptoms and their treatment. Psychopharmacology, 169(3-4), 257-297. doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1313-x
Weisman de Mamani, Amy, Marc J. Weintraub, Kayla Gurak, and Jessica Maura. 2014. "A Randomized Clinical Trial to Test the Efficacy of a Family-Focused, Culturally Informed Therapy for Schizophrenia." Journal Of Family PsychologyPsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost (accessed November 27, 2014).