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Eukarya > Animalia > Porifera

Ecology: Phylum Porifera

By Shahrezad B. and Hannah P.

Etymology

Source: http://museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/imagecache/wam_v2_article_full/collections/calcarea-sycon-cf-gelatinosum.jpg

Phylum Porifera:

From the Latin "porus" for pore and "Ferre" for bearer, hence pore bearer.

Hexactinellida

We know them as sponges!

Why are they important? What's the take home message?

Classes of Sponges

  • Spicules- 6 pointed and made up of silica
  • Usually a cup, vase or urn shape
  • Found in deep water on soft substrates in the tropics

Characteristics

  • No definite symmetry.
  • Body multicellular, few tissues, no organs.
  • Cells and tissues surround a water filled space but there is no true body cavity.
  • All are sessile, (live attached to something as an adult).
  • Reproduce sexually or asexually, sexual reproduction can be either gonochoristic or hermaphroditic.
  • Has no nervous system.
  • Has a distinct larval stage which is planktonic.
  • Lives in aquatic environments, mostly marine.
  • All are filter feeders.
  • Often have a skeleton of spicules.

Sponges are important for two main reasons:

1) They don’t have nervous systems, yet they have many of the genes that are used in the synapse of modern humans, according to one study (Chang et al. 2015).

2) Sponges are important in nutrient cycles in coral reef systems. Scientists believe that they filter water and take in bacteria responsible for forming nitrogen.

  • Calcarea (Containing rigid calcium carbonate)
  • Demospongiae (The vast majority of sponges)
  • Hexactinellida (Many extinct, contain silica spines)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge

Source: http://ihsansmarineinvertebrates.weebly.com/class-hexactinellida.html

Architectural type of sponges

Asconoid - most primitive and simplistic in structure

Calcarea

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge#/media/File:Aplysina_archeri_(Stove-pipe_Sponge-pink_variation).jpg

Syconoid - next level of complexity in sponge architecture;

derived from the asconoid structure except the walls are invaginated- allowing for greater surface area over which water can pass.

Demospongiae

  • Wide Range of Shapes- irregular masses, vase-shaped, meshwork of thin tubes
  • Common Feature- supporting skeleton made of calcium carbonate, star shaped structures or spicules
  • Spicules- usually have 3 points, but sometimes have 2 or 4
  • Live in shallow water and are strictly marine

Literature Cited

  • 90% of sponges are in this class
  • Spicules- made of silicon dioxide and/or spongin
  • Found on the continental shelf

Leuconoid - highest level of complexity. Unlike the ascon and sycon shapes, leucons have no radial symmetry.

Source: http://mesemb.ru/wall/index.en

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosponge

  • Chang, E. K., Eckert, M. A., Ali, M. M., Riazifar, H., Pone, E. J., Liu, L., & Zhao, W. (2015). Assembly of Bitter Gourd Transcriptomes: Gene Expression and Sequence Variations in Gynoecious and Monoecious Lines. PLoS ONE PLOS ONE, 10(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123034
  • Ramel, G. (n.d.). The Phylum Porifera. Retrieved from http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/porifera.html
  • Telnes, K. (2001). Calcareous Sponges - Calcarea. Retrieved July 7, 2015, from http://www.seawater.no/fauna/porifera/Calcarea.html
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