SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF: PLANTS, MAMMALS, AND AMPHIBIANS

Overview

This experiment was created to see the effects that a goldfish can make to the sexual behavior of the Alpine newt, when cexisting in the same environment.

Interpretation

Introduced Goldfish Affect Amphibians Through Inhibition of Sexual Behavior in Risky Habitats: an Experimental Approch

• The newts reproduction decreased because of the fear they have towards predators or unknown species.

Methods

• the experiment did support its hypothesis
• The experiment had enough supporting evidence for the results
• it was easy to understand

• Observing the sexual behavior of the newts in 24 different tanks.
• Four newts each (2 females, 2 males)
• 12 tanks contained a shelter and one goldfish
• allowing for an open area site and a shelter area site.

How Do Amphibians Reproduce?

By: Laurane Winandy and Mthieu Denoel

Results

The addtion of the fish to a tank of newts had a significant effect on the sexual behavior of the newts.

• Sexual activity was lower in the presence of the gold fish
• the amount of spermatophores was also lower in the tanks with the gold fish in it

- reproduction can be different for each amphibian

- ex. some carry there eggs on their back and others lay them on water.

Videos

By:

Flor Macias-Chavez

Esmeralda Leonidez

Merari Cruz

Overview

The natural growth promoter along with PGPRs as a bio-agri input for sustainable agriculture could potentially increase agriculture production

Promoting plant growth with Calliterpenome

Interpretation/Conclusion

Methods

The hypothesis was correct.

It was demonstrated that the natural plant growth promoter, Calliterpenone, is significantly better than GA3 and many cytokinins to improve growth and yield enhancing effects of PGPRs.

Since the global necessity is to boost agricultural production in a quick way, many farmers have used chemical fertilizers, in order to improve their soil fertility and crop growth. However, it is important to understand that it has harmful effects on the environment.

Each treatment was different for the purpose of comparison: un-inoculated seeds, seeds with calliterpenone, seeds with PGPR, seeds with PGPR and calliterpenone. Each treatment had 3 replicates to ensure accuracy. In addition to this, the plants were harvested after two months until cautiously removed from the soil to effectively record the plant weight. Also, to make sure that the experiment was done with sufficient prove, the experiment was repeated twice as well as the mean data of the two experiments. Fifteen strains of PGPRs were obtained from a reliable

Results

"The population of such PGPRs… in the rhizosphere was found to be significantly higher when co treated with calliterpenone compared to the plants inoculated with PGPR alone, clearly indicating that calliterpenone induced higher populations of PGPRs and were also maintained during crop growth play an important role in enhancing growth and yield."

What factors affect plant growth?

The factors that affect plant growth can be classified as genetic or environmental.

--Genetic factors include field crops that have increased productivity due to hybrids and improved varieties such as disease resistance and drought hardiness.

--Environmental factors include all external conditions affecting the development of the plant such as temperature, moisture supply, supply of mineral nutrients and much more.

Short Overview

This article observe if the season affected the reproduction and growth in a precocial Guinea pig in a wetland versus in a laboratory.

Interpretations

Not enough to support the hypothesis

Methods

Because the Cavia Magna of the wetlands were only reproducing seasonally and not continuously throughout the year

Hypothesis: “that cavies can increase their reproductive output by breeding aseasonally and by maturing extremely early” (Kraus, Trillmich, & Künkele 2005).

Wetland vs Laboratory

Rüweler in 2001 stated that Cavia Magnas are more likely to reproduce if they have food to feed off of possibly the reason Cavia Magna reproduce year round in the lab.

environmentally controlled rooms on a photoperiod of 14:10 h light : dark at 20-23°C.

Wetland climate: humid and had low elevations

Population: Twelve C. magna (6 females and 6 males)

Population: The C. magna species

Conclusion

Provided with hay, water, fresh carrots and beets

1st breeding season from November to April conducted monthly sessions of 3 trapping nights with 70 live traps then starting May there were 200 live traps.

Traps were positioned unbaited on cavy runways and set in the late afternoon 2 h before sunset and again at night 2 h before sunrise

The adults were weighed once a week, while pregnant guinea pig were checked every day; and the babies were checked every day until 3 months old

Reproduction and Growth in a Precocial Small Mammal, Cavia Magna

In the first article, the evidence and pictures that was presented related to their hypothesis. However, for this experiment, a specific number of Cavia Magna tested on the wetland was not expressed, therefore I would include the number of Cavia Magnas tested at the wetland. In addition, procedures such how many livetraps they set up, kept changing throughout the experiment. To make this experiment flow, I would also set a specific number of livetraps. For article two, the pictures obtainable, gave a nice visual representation of the results of the experiments.

Results

2-month gestation period, female cavies only produced about 1-3 small litters of young

Not many reproductions happened during the season of spring (May) through fall (September) for the Cavia Magnas in the wetland, but laboratory reproduce the whole year

What are Mammals?

a class of warm blooded vertebrate. They are different from reptiles and plants because of how they breed, look and the way they give birth.

*usually have some fur or hair

The basic process of sexual reproduction

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF: MAMMALS

AND AMPHIBIANS.

PLANT GROWTH

What are Amphibians?

-a cold-blooded vertebrate animals like frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larvarl. these animals can operate on land and in water.