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Bibliography

http://www.urbanfarmonline.com/images/bee-keeping/bee-behavior_490.jpg

http://www.bibba.com/origins_milner.php

http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn2.arkive.org%2Fmedia%2FE8%2FE86EF857-1FDA-4925-BCD5-39A4AF52D19A%2FPresentation.Large%2FCaterpillar-hunting-wasp-collecting-soil-for-the-nest.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkive.org%2Fcaterpillar-hunting-wasp%2Fdelta-dimidiatipenne%2Fimage-G61327.html&h=434&w=650&tbnid=3SwxXhb93jUluM%3A&zoom=1&docid=6BlUgs18XWstjM&ei=pwCaU9n2DNT07AaTu4GoDw&tbm=isch&iact=rc&uact=3&dur=239&page=1&start=0&ndsp=17&ved=0CDEQrQMwBQ

http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-08/02/bees-stick-together-to-the-bitter-end

http://beespotter.mste.illinois.edu/topics/social/

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/European_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg

http://www.missdv.com/wp-content/uploads/galleries/post-402/Bee_Hive2.jpg

http://www.orkin.com/stinging-pests/bees/honey-bee-behavior/

Bee Hives

- cooperate to find spaces in which to build hives (eg hollow trees)

- secrete wax from their abdomens and build vertical sheets of hexagonal honey comb to store honey and pollen.

- individual cell serves as a home for developing larvae

Memory and Learning

Communication

- good at associative learning : learning that two different events occur or happen together

- short term visual memory of 5 seconds

- able to recognize colors (variously well)

- Communication through " dance language"

Life Cycle of the Honey Bee

The Social Behaviour of Honey Bees

Origins

- Order Hymenoptera (membrane wings)

- Evolved from carnivorous hunting wasps

- Cretacious period (+/- 50mill years ago)

-Oldest fossil sourced in USA of a stingless bee

- Today: Twenty five thousand different kinds of bees divided into eleven Families, numerous subfamilies, tribes and genera

Honey bee = family Apidae

- Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) interact in large colonies (20,000 to 80,000 members)

- Show eusocial behaviour:

characterised by bringing up all offpsring in hive and not just own offspring

Reproductive division of labor:

Drone Bees

Queen Bee

Worker Bee

- strictly male

- only job is to mate with queen at 2-8 weeks

- afterwards they die

- strictly female

- majority of hive

- caring for the young, food storage,

tending to queen, regulating

temperature

- lives +/- 4 months

- rules all other bees

- lives 2-5 years

- function: lay eggs (1500 eggs a season)

- released pheromones "queen substance" whichkeeps all other bees in order and loyal

Clustering behaviour

Altruistic behaviour:

Feelings and behavior that show a desire to help other people and a lack of selfishness

- Shown even if the Queen Bee dies (which causes the colony to die out)

- Vital to their evolution and survival

some species have the ability to regulate temperature of their nest

-e.g through evaporation of water

.

-performing tasks for the benefit of the dying colony despite their own reproductive urges

-some worker bees begin to develop ovaries and lay eggs

- to prolong the life of the colony

The Social Behaviour of Honey Bees

1.

Luzie Naters IB11

Swarming behaviour

- scout bees leave early to find a suitable new hive

during heavy nectar flow (spring/summer)

- queen and many workers leaves and settles into new hive

- in the old hive: a new queen hatches, mates, and takes over the colony

Defensive behaviour

- guard their hive as defense

- can only sting once

- stingers are attached to intestines

- releases pheromones that alert other bees to attack

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