World History 1450-1750

Cultural and Intellectual Changes

Enlightenment, 1700s

• The Enlightenment is known for the intellectual and philosophical thought
• Occurred at the end of English Civil War
• Thomas Hobbes believed people were naturally selfish and wicked, thus a strong government was needed
• John Locke believed people were naturally good and favored self-government.
• Locke argued that people are born free and have natural rights (life, liberty, property)
• Enlightenment allowed people to question the church, discuss politics, and idea.

Cultural and Intellectual Changes

Scientific Revolution

• Prior to 1500, scholars used the bible, Greek, and Roman philosophy to understand the natural world.
• The Scientific Revolution changed this by carefully and methodically observing nature
• 1543: Nicolaus Copernicus created the heliocentric theory which challenged the Earth-centered universe
• 1609: Galileo Galilei created a telescope and the scientific method
• Galileo would eventually be brought before the Inquisition

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If You Only Learn 6 Things

• Europeans empires stretched their power overseas to conquer and control the newly encountered Americas. The Ottoman, Mughal, and Qing grew in power.

Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1867)

• After a civil war, power struggles between daimyos (warlords)
• Tokugawa Ieyasu established in 1600
• Created a captial Edo, now Tokyo

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Spanish and Portuguese Overseas Expansion (1500s-1800s)

• This led to the Atlantic Slave trade
• By 1650 300,000 enslaved Africans were forced to work on plantations and mines
• This became known as the triangular trade

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Sugar, Spice and everything Silver

Russian Empire (1480-1917)

• Took back power from Mongols when Ivan III stopped paying taxes in 1480
• Ivan became the czar, and the head of the Russian Orthodox Church
• After Ivan, the Romanov family came to power in 1613.
• Lasted 300 years.
• Peter the Great ruled from 1682-1725.
• Established industries for science and technology
• Created a navy
• Construed the capital city of St. Petersburg

Spanish and Portuguese Overseas Expansion (1500s-1800s)

• Two major areas of Spanish empire: New Spain and New Castile
• Each governed by a viceroy
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Spanish control the west, Portuguese control the east
• Native people were treated badly. Bartolome de las Casas
• Repartimiento system: wages for labor

Impact of Interaction

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• As a result of trying to find a faster route to the Indian Ocean, the Americas became apart of a global trade network
• Improvements in shipping technologies and weapons allowed Europeans to exercise a larger role in world affairs
• Native people dies by the millions due to European diseases. Afrcan people were transported across the Atlantic Ocean as forced labor
• New social structures developed based on race; women's roles changed.
• The Renaissance and Reformation challenged the role of the Catholic Church. Other places (China) maintained traditional beliefs.

• Silver was the most precious metal. Responsible for stimulating a global trade network
• Mexico and the Potosi mines had the most silver, extracted indigenous workers.
• Mercantilism is considered economic nationalism with a goal of building a wealthy empire- Adam Smith
• Sugar was profitable but growing it was hard labor.
• In many places the native population died off and enslaved Africans were brought over.
• Sugar plantations=prototype factory

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Cultural and Intellectual Changes

• 1405-1433: Trade in the Indian Ocean flourished, mainly with non-European traders.
• Muslims, Indians, Malays
• Europeans inserted themselves into the Asian-centered trade economy.
• Europeans sought cheaper Asian goods.
• 1453: The Ottoman empire conquered Constantinople

The Environment

• Human societies exerted mastery over the environment.
• The discovery of the Americas and the resulting Colombian exchange trade the biological of the New and Old World
• New foods were discovered, landscapes were destroyed to make room for plantations.
• Indigenous people died from diseases.
• A mini-Ice Age occurred from the 15th-18th centuries

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Kongo (1300s-1600)

• In the 15th century, Kongo became a centralized state
• In 1482, the Portuguese came to the kingdom of Kongo, established a economic and political relationship
• King Affonso I was a devout Catholic, encouraged subjects to convert
• Soon the Portuguese wanted slaves in return for their goods
• Slave raids took place, weakening the kings authority
• In 1665, Portugal defeated Kongo, the state never recovered

Forced Labor

Mughal India (1523-1750ish)

• India was decentralized until it was conquered by Babur and his grandson Akbar
• Akbar united India, created the Divine Faith
• Focused on art and religion.
• Removed the non-Muslim tax (jizya)
• Decedents also enjoyed art. Miniatures, and the Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan
• Aurangzeb weakened the empire

Songhay (1464-1591)

• In the 1400s the state of Songhay took control of the Mali empire
• Sunni Ali appointed governors, established an army, created a navy to protect the trans-Saharan trade
• Leaders were Muslims
• Supported mosques, and schools
• Lost control as Europeans came closer
• In 1591, the Moroccans took control

Ottoman Empire (1300-1923)

• Semi-nomadic Turks, transformed into major political power
• Ottomans replaced the Mongols
• Janissaries (slave troops) lead army
• Conquered Constantinople- converted the city into a Islamic center. Renamed Istanbul
• Thriving city
• Harem filled with non-Muslims
• Queen mother had political power
• Empire began to decline in the 1650s.

Sailed around South America to the Philippine Islands. First to circumnavigate the globe

1519-1522

Ferdinard

Magellan

(Spain)

Reached Calicut in India by rounding Africa

Vasco de Gama

(Spain)

1497

Russian Serfdom

• After the fall of the Mongol, peasants went into debt, forced to become serfs.
• Russian officials encouraged this to please the nobility and control the peasants
• By 1649, serfs were born into their status and could not escape it

Sailed west to reach Asia and instead reached the Bahamas. Sailed around the Caribbean

Christopher

Columbus

(Spain)

1492

Rounded Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa and entered the Indian Ocean

Bartolomeu

Dias (Portugal)

1488

Accomplishment

Year

Explorer

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

• By the 1640s, the Ming dynasty declined
• A community of fishermen, hunters, and farms took control, becoming the Qing dynasty
• Created a large army, made up of banners.
• Used Chinese culture and government
• Expanded into Taiwan(1683,) Mongolia(1696,) and Tibet (1720s)

Cultural and Intellectual Changes

Questions to Consider

European Renaissance, 1400s

• Need To Know:
• A new view of man as a creative and rational being
• Rediscovery of ancient Greco-Roman knowledge
• Unparalleled accomplishments in literature, music, and art
• A celebration of the human individual
• Rediscovery of Roman and Greek work because of Islamic scholars
• Trade with Europe, Asia, and the Middle East allowed Italy to be focal point.
• Commissioned paintings and sculptures, focused on science and discovery
• Renaissance man: a learned and talented individual

Forced Labor

• How does the environment shape human societies and how do humans shape the environment?
• How do people express themselves, and what is the impact of ideas?
• How do people govern themselves?
• How do economic developments affect the world?
• How do people identify themselves socially, and what roles do men women have?

Trading Empires and the Colombian Exchange

Encomienda System

• Gave the Spanish the right to demand labor
• Estblished by Cortez and Pizarro
• On haciendas, natives were abused
• After la leyenda negra, this was replaced with the repartimeiento system
• The repartimiento system allowed communities to send workers who were paid and worked limited hours
• In Peru, this was called mita. This mobilized indigenous people to work
• Many were abused or died out.
• This led to an increase in the Atlantic slave trade

Forced Labor

• Europeans did not want to conquer the Indian Ocean, rather control trade.
• By the 1550s Portugal had 50 trading posts from West Africa to East Asia.
• By the late 1500s its influence ended
• The small country could not sustain a large empire
• The English and the Dutch took over
• Utilized joint stock companies which investors, rather than the crown, funded expeditions.
• Including the Americas into the global trade set of diffusion of plants, food, animals, humans, and diseases, known as the Colombian Exchange
• Small Pox
• Mexica (Aztecs) lost 95% of their population within a century
• Between 1500-1800, 100 million people died from diseases
• The diffusion of food crops and animals revolutionized life, leading to increased nutrition and population

Atlantic Slave Trade

• The forced migration of 15 million Africans
• Remember slavery existed prior to the Columbia exchange and Age of Exploration
• Slavery existed 500 before Europeans went to Africa
• Portugal brought Africans to Brazil to work on plantations
• Trans-oceanic
• By the 1600s the Middle Passage was well established
• High death tolls. Half of all those who made the journey died.
• Plantations cultivated cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton,and coffee)

Cultural and Intellectual Changes

Protestant Reformation, 1500s

• The Renaissance encouraged debate, discussion, and criticism
• The Roman Catholic Church held power over kings, owned land, wealth, and was corrupt
• Sold salvation for money
• In 1517, a priest named Martin Luther listed the issued he thought the church needed to address
• Divisions within the papacy-More than one pope
• Religious traditions were not derived from Scriptures
• Corrupt practices-selling forgiveness/relics
• Church fiances and income
• Lack of piety in priesthood
• Divided Europe; Lutheranism, the Church of England

Europe to the Americas

Wheat

Sugarcane

Cotton

Horses

Cattle

Pigs

Sheep

Goats

Chickens

Americas to Africa, Asia and Europe

Maize

Potatoes

Beans

Tomatoes

Peppers

Peanuts

Avocados

Pineapples

Tobacco

World History 1450-1750