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Works cited:

Image Sources:

1.http://www.ahharsfnews.com/media/newsetc./2012/4/3/dGhgOZnzOrM6U1qLfVnxJ9GHJB0-medium.jpg

2. http://theresathomas.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/lightbulb1.jpg

3. http://rlv.zcache.com/human_nervous_system_poster-rddb1dd3c43784270a33bc01ef1fc16b1_a70l_400.jpg

4.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Main_symptoms_of_Caffeine_overdose.png/701px-Main_symptoms_of_Caffeine_overdose.png

5. https://s3.amazonaws.com/healthtap-public/ht-staging/user_answer/avatars/353392/large/open-uri20120813-22694-1rzckut.jpeg?1344820470

Sources:

1. http://www.turks.us/article.php?story=Sociallyacceptabledrugsareharmful (socially acceptable drugs are more harmful)

2. http://www.livestrong.com/article/463038-which-body-system-is-the-first-one-noticeably-affected-by-caffeine/

3. http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body

4. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-does-caffeine-affect

5. http://science.howstuffworks.com/nicotine1.htm

6.http://nursing.advanceweb.com/sharedresources/Downloads/2004/030104/NW/n1030104_p37table1.pdf

Nicotine and Its Effects on the Body

Causes (Psychological & Physical Effects)

  • Irritability/crabbiness
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Cravings

Nicotine causes “feel good” sensation [Nervous System]

Nicotine causes rapid release of adrenaline, which causes: rapid heartbeat, ^blood pressure, & rapid, shallow breathing [Circulatory System]

Blocks the release of insulin (not hungry/hyperglycemia) [Endocrine System]

Release of acetylcholine causes heightened alertness and faster reaction time [Nervous System]

Releases endorphins (don't feel much pain) [Nervous System]

Worst effects:

  • Various types of cancer
  • Emphysema [Respiratory System]
  • Heart Disease [Cardiovascular System]
  • Stroke [Nervous System]
  • Nicotine poisoning (symptoms: vomiting, nausea, headaches, difficulty breathing, stomach pains, seizures)

Might help the effects of:

  • Alzheimer's Disease (improve function of remaining neurons)
  • Tourette's Syndrome (calm tics)

Socially Acceptable Drugs

Alcohol, Nicotine, and Caffeine

Detraction of Alcohol

  • Hormonal imbalance and sleep disruption following withdrawal from chronic alcohol consumption are strong predictors of relapse. During abstinence, recovering alcoholics have attenuated melatonin secretion at onset of a sleep episode, resulting in prolonged sleep onset latencies. Escalations in cortisol and core body temperatures during the sleep period contribute to poor sleep maintenance.
  • Alcohol can produce detectable impairments in memory after only a few drinks and, as the amount of alcohol increases, so does the degree of impairment. Large quantities of alcohol, especially when consumed quickly and on an empty stomach, can produce a blackout, or an interval of time for which the intoxicated person cannot recall key details of events, or even entire events.

Enhance of Alcohol

Body Systems Cont.

  • Low doses of alcohol appear to increase total sleep time and reduce awakening during the night
  • Ethanol inhibits the ability of glutamate to open the cation channel associated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors. Stimulated areas include the cortex, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, which are responsible for thinking and pleasure seeking. Another one of alcohol's agreeable effects is body relaxation, possibly caused by neurons transmitting electrical signals in an alpha waves-pattern; such waves are observed (with the aid of EEGs) when the body is relaxed
  • Nicotine

Body Systems cont.

  • Alcohol
  • Nicotine causes “feel good” sensation [Nervous System]
  • Nicotine causes rapid release of adrenaline, which causes: rapid heartbeat, ^blood pressure, & rapid, shallow breathing [Circulatory System]
  • Blocks the release of insulin (not hungry/hyperglycemia) [Endocrine System]
  • Release of acetylcholine causes heightened alertness and faster reaction time [Nervous System]
  • Releases endorphins (don't feel much pain) [Nervous System]
  • Various types of cancer
  • Emphysema [Respiratory System]
  • Heart Disease [Cardiovascular System]
  • Stroke [Nervous System]
  • Nicotine poisoning (symptoms: vomiting, nausea, headaches, difficulty breathing, stomach pains, seizures)
  • Central Nervous System- Depression, anxiety, irritability, mental confusion,insomnia, convulsions,personality disturbance
  • Respiratory System- Colds, respiratory infections,pneumonia
  • Cardiovascular- High blood pressure, irregular heart rate, heart failure
  • Digestive- Diarrhea
  • Skeletal- Muscle- Muscle inflammation (myositis), decreased bone density, propensity to fracture
  • Blood- Anemia, lowered white blood cell count, fewer platelets
  • Integumentary- Infections, poor healing ability, skin diseases and disorders (eczema, rashes, etc.)
  • Endocrine- Reduced sexual function, pancreatic malfunction, adrenal malfunction

Detraction of Caffeine

  • Caffeine can increase blood pressure in non-habitual consumers.
  • High blood pressure is associated with an increase in strokes, and cerebral vascular disease, which in turn increase the risk of multi-infarct dementia.
  • Caffeine may reduce control of fine motor movements (e.g., producing shaky hands)
  • Caffeine can stimulate urination.
  • Caffeine can increase cortisol secretion, some tolerance is developed.
  • Caffeine can contribute to increased insomnia and sleep latency.
  • Caffeine withdrawal produces headache, fatigue and decreased alertness.
  • Caffeine is addictive.
  • High doses of caffeine (300 mg or higher) can cause anxiety.
  • High caffeine consumption has been linked to an increase in the likelihood of experiencing auditory hallucinations. A study conducted by the La Trobe University School of Psychological Sciences revealed that as few as five cups of coffee a day could trigger the phenomenon.
  • High caffeine consumption accelerates bone loss at the spine in elderly postmenopausal women

Body Systems Affected by Socially Acceptable Drugs

Optimal Health for Socially Acceptable Drugs

  • Caffeine
  • Minimum to no use of the substances.
  • Fun Fact!

  • There is a study by Professor David Nutt of Britain’s Bristol University saying that socially acceptable drugs are more harmful than illegal drugs like marijuana and ecstasy.
  • Nicotine may prevent symptoms of Alzheimers (improve function of remaining neurons) and can calm tick's in Tourett's Syndrome
  • digestive system- can cause heartburn or irritation of the lining of the stomach
  • Central Nervous- blocks adenosine receptors in your brain As a result your adrenal glands dump epinephrine into your blood stream
  • Endocrine- releases adrenalin
  • Muscular- muscles contract more forcefully
  • Urinary- Leads to dehydration and more frequent urination.

Things Enhanced by Caffeine

  • High long-term consumption is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
  • Research is beginning to suggest that caffeine minimizes the cognitive decline associated with aging.
  • Caffeine increases levels of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine and glutamate.
  • Acetylcholine is associated with attention, concentration, learning, and memory but there is no conclusive evidence yet that caffeine has any effect on memory and cognitive function.
  • Low doses of caffeine show increased alertness and decreased fatigue.
  • Caffeine has been shown to increase the metabolic rate.
  • Caffeine may reduce the risk of developing cancer and produce a delay in the average onset of cancer.
  • Caffeine may be associated with a reduced risk of Parkinson's disease.
  • Caffeine may lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
  • Caffeine may reduce certain kind of hepatic cancers.

Detraction of Nicotine

Enhanced by Nicotine

  • Nicotine increases blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Nicotine can stimulate abnormal proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, similar to that seen in atherosclerosis. Nicotine induces potentially atherogenic genes in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Nicotine could cause microvascular injury through its action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), however other mechanisms are also likely at play.
  • A study on rats showed that nicotine exposure abolishes the beneficial and protective effects of estrogen on the hippocampus, an estrogen-sensitive region of the brain involved in memory formation and retention
  • Nicotine reduces the chance of preeclampsia, and atopic disorders such as allergic asthma. A plausible mechanism of action in these cases may be nicotine acting as an anti-inflammatory agent, and interfering with the inflammation-related disease process, as nicotine has vasoconstrictive effects.
  • Tobacco smoke has been shown to contain compounds capable of inhibiting monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for the degradation of dopamine in the human brain. When dopamine is broken down by MAO-B, neurotoxic by-products are formed, possibly contributing to Parkinson's and Alzheimers disease
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