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OPIATES

& Its Effect on Homeostasis

Who has used opiates?

What are opiates?

  • are a group of drugs used as painkillers
  • made from opium, which comes from the poppy plant

Why do people use it?

Who uses it?

  • a.k.a. as opioids and narcotics
  • opioids are part synthetic unlike opiates
  • both act similarly in the body
  • for severe short-term pain (in back or leg)

morphine

heroin

  • prescribed to people who cannot take NSAIDs b/c of heart, kidney or liver conditions

codeine

  • necessary if they take medicine that cannot be mixed with certain pain relievers

methadone

Charles Dickens (famous author of A Tale of Two Cities & A Christmas Carol) was an opium addict and died of stroke.

hydrocodone

How do opiates work?

a risk factor of heavily using opium

Kurt Cobain (the lead singer of Nirvana) used heroin to escape from the stress brought on by fame.

He committed suicide

correlated to the use of heroin.

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Opiates/opioids attach to binding sites on nerve cells known as opioid/opiate receptor (that usually bind to natural pain relieving chemicals— endorphines and enkephalines) found in:

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  • brain,
  • spinal cord,
  • gastrointestinal tract

Elvis Presley (King of Rock and Roll) died from drug overdose. Autopsy findings state massive amounts of various prescribed painkillers were found in his system.

Controversies

block the transmission of pain signals to the brain

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suppress perception of pain

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causing the following effects:

How is the balancing of the systems altered?

The use of opioids remains controversial due to concerns about side effects, effectiveness, and the potential for drug abuse and addiction.

It is altered, through the effects on the following systems:

Physical Effects

Psychological Effects

  • endocrine
  • reproductive
  • slow breathing, heart rate, brain activity
  • induces euphoria, relieves stress and discomfort
  • nervous
  • excretory
  • depresses appetite, thirst and sexual desire
  • users feel warm, drowsy and content
  • respiratory
  • cardiovascular
  • body's tolerance to pain
  • inability to concentrate
  • withdrawal symptoms (occur 4 to 6 h after the last dose)

PROLONGED USE causes dependence & tolerance

diarrhea, tremors, insomnia, etc.

Effects on endocrine system

Opiates often induces hypogonadism, due to a decrease in hypothalamic GNRH.

As GNRH decreases, it decreases the secretion of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland.

which interacts with sex organs and hormones

in secretion of sex hormones

There is still considerable controversy surrounding the type of conditions that should be treated, whether the treatment can be generally safe and effective in selected patients, and what the clinical goals should be.

Effects on the nervous system

Opiates contribute to the irregularity in production of neurotransmitters and hormones released into the body; this affects how the nervous system corresponds to the endocrine system.

  • blocks pain signals in sensory pathways
  • inhibit brain centers controlling coughing, breathing and intestional motibility
  • produces tolerance; neural hyperactivity and sensation of craving the drug

References

Effects on the excretory system

  • decreases the sensation of bladder fullness by partially inhibiting the parasympathetic nerves (a neurologic pathway)

Side Effects

  • increase the sphincter tone of the urinary bladder via sympathetic overstimulation, resulting in increased bladder outlet resistance
  • nausea and vomiting
  • changes in heart rate
  • may increase the risk of urinary retention
  • drowsiness or sedation
  • spasms

Addictions And Recovery Website: Opiates. (2014, November 22). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.addictionsandrecovery.org/opiates-narcotics-recovery.htm

  • skin changes
  • constipation

Other alterations:

It produces irregular heart rate and breathing rhythm which affects the sync b/w the respiratory and cardiovascular system.

Caused by high dosages:

  • respiratory depression
  • myoclonus (muscle rigidity & abnormal movement)

Drug Info. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.isate.memphis.edu/opiate.html

  • dependence and likelihood of abuse

Drugs and the Nervous System. (2014, December 1). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/D/Drugs.html#opiates

Famous People Who Have Been Addicted to Opiates. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.michaelshouse.com/opiate-addiction/famous-people-addicted-opiates/

How Drugs Affect Neurotransmittor. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_m/i_03_m_par/i_03_m_par_heroine.html

Katz, N. (2005, January 1). The Impact of Opioids on the Endocrine System. Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.inflexxion.com/uploadedFiles/Publications/Publications/Katz_2005_painmgt.pdf

Does it improve performance?

Opiate Drugs List. (2014, September 15). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.opium.org/opiate-drugs-list.html

  • decrease in performance
  • increases time taken to react

Opiate Pain Relievers for Low Back Pain. (2013, February 15). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.webmd.com/back-pain/opiate-pain-relievers-for-low-back-pain

  • difficulities with concentration
  • reduced speed of information intake and processing

Opiates. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.linkinghumansystems.com/drugs/opiates.html

Copy & Paste | Parenthetical

Pain, C. (2009, February 25). Result Filters. Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19333165

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