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* Although there are different approaches to grounded theory, there tend to be some general commonalities.
* Creswell (2013) broadly defines grounded theory as "a qualitative research design in which the inquirer generates a general explanation (a theory) of a process, an action, or an interaction shaped by the views of a large number of participants" (p. 83).
Creswell (2013) offers an explanation of some basic characteristics of grounded theory as it applies to data collection, analysis, and sampling methods (p. 85):
1) The researcher focuses on a process or action that has steps occurring over time.
2)The researcher seeks to develop a theory
of the process or action.
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* Sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss felt that existing theories could not always be applied to a research study, especially if it was a relatively new experiment or phenomenon. Rather, they asserted that the theory should evolve from data collected during the research experiment.
* In their book The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (1967) Glaser and Strauss postulate that “the best approach is a initial, systematic discovery of the theory from the data of social research” (p. 3)
Creswell (2009) notes “validity,..., is one of the strengths of qualitative research, and it is based on determining whether the findings are accurate from the standpoint of the researcher, the participant, or the readers of an account” (Creswell and Miller, 2000)
* There are two differing opinions when looking developing a theory using the grounded theory method: One group believes that doing a small lit review to familiarize yourself with the topic at hand will help to generate efficient interview questions and focus the research topic, where the opposing field states that this will create researcher biases and may influence the findings as the researcher may be expecting certain trends. What do you think?
* Creswell (2013) explains that grounded theory is a good design when:
* Grounded theory is premised around developing a theory based on perceived and verbal findings in a given situation. Though this process is quite efficient at creating a theory for that situation, how beneficial are the findings for other situations? If the theory is that specific and not applicable to other scenarios, how much funding can a research project receive if it’s one dimensional?
3) Memoing is part of developing the theory as the researcher writes down ideas (or memos) as the data is being collected and analysed. These memos assist in sketching out the flow of the research process.
4) Data collection is primarily through interviews in which the researcher is constantly comparing new interviews to the existing theory.
* Building off the work of Glaser and Strauss, researchers have added different perspectives to the theory in order to suit their research purposes.
* The following slides will focus on two main deviations within the field of grounded theory and their emphasis on using grounded theory in varied ways to form theory.
1) Validity of what people tell you
Observations
Interviews
* Even though Glaser and Strauss created grounded theory together, Strauss went on to develop a slightly different approach. Glaser used induction as the focus, moving from the data to empirical generalization and then progressed to developing a theory. However, Strauss went away from this approach and used a deductive process that focused on verification, when a hypothesis did not work or was not significant, then they would drop it and move on. These two approaches have their own strengths and limitations, when would you use one over the other?
* Strauss and Corbin’s (1998) Basics of Qualitative Research explain the use of a structured coding device called a “conditional matrix” to assist the researcher in forming relationships between different levels of data (p. 87).
* This coding is a series of labelled concentric circles that illustrate the relationship of the research group to the larger environment.
* This type of coding represents a more systematic and unified way of understanding the relationship of factors in the research experiment.
5) Data analysis can be presented in varied ways. It can be conveyed in categories with one category as the focus of the emerging theory which is then filled out with additional categories (axial coding). This can be presented as a diagram, prepositions, or a discussion Strauss & Corbin, 1998). The analysis can also be less structured with a focus on implicit meaning within any given category (Charmaz, 2006).
2) Researcher Bias
Babchuk, W. (n.d.). Grounded Theory as a "Family of
Methods": A Geneaological Analysis to Guide
Research. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
Charmaz, K. (2006). constructing Grounded Theory.
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Cherubini, L. N. (2010). A grounded theory of new
Aboriginal teachers' perceptions: the cultural
attributions of Medicine Wheel Teachings. Teachers
and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 16(5), 545-557.
Creswell, J. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative,
Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los
Angeles: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and
Research Design. London: Sage.
Egan, T. (2002). Grounded Theory Research and
Theory Building. Advances in Developing Human
Resources, 4(3), 277-295.
* The goal of grounded theory varies depending on which type of grounded theory you subscribe to.
Elliott, N. a. (2005). How to Recognise a 'Quality'
Grounded Theory Research Study. Australian
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22(3), 48-52.
Gasson, S. (n.d.). Rigor In Grounded Theory Research:
An Interpretive Perspective on Generating Theory
From Qualitative Field Studies. Drexel University.
Giske, T. a. (2007). A Personal Experience of Working
with Classical Grounded Theory: From Beginner to
Experienced Grounded Theorist. Ineternational
Journal of Qualitative Methods, 67-80.
Glaser, B. (2002). Conceptualization: On Theory and
Theorizing Using Grounded Theory. International
Journal of Qualitative Methods 1 (2), 1-30.
3) Following the exact model – Grounded theory has a specific model identified earlier (slides 3 and 4) and if that process is not followed you end up with a study that is part grounded theory and part something else and therefore, not necessarily valid as a grounded theory study
4) Following 4 criteria of fit, work, relevance, and modifiability (Glaser, 2002) – data cannot be forced into theories, it must fit in, work with the situation, have relevance and be modifiable
* Grounded theorists assume that there is no theory sufficient to apply to their studies, so they form new theoretical models based on the information collected through interviews.
* Creswell (2013) posits that grounded theorists tend to “end their studies with a theory developed in selective coding, a theory that might be viewed as a low-level theory rather than an abstract grand theory”(p. 87). This selective coding is achieved by reviewing the data and forming a core category on which to base the theory, and coding interview results into the main category, or a sub-category.
Gleming, L. G. (2010). Group Process and Learning: A
Grounded Theory Model of Group Supervision.
Training and Education in Professional Psychology,
4(3), 194-203.
Gregory, J. a. (2009). 'Maintaining competence': a
grounded theory typology of approaches to
teaching in higher education. Higher Education, 57,
769-785.
Strauss, A. L. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research.
London: Sage.
White, J. a. (2010). A Grounded Theory Analysis of
Older Adults and Information Technology.
Educational Gerontology, 26, 371-386.
Grounded theory tends to be popular among those in fields where interviewing participants in open ended question format is more advantageous for gaining the information they are seeking, gaining perceptions and experiences
5) Not ‘scientific’
6) Data misinterpretation
* Researchers have criticized Strauss and Corbin’s approach as being too structured and systematic to be an effective research tool.
* Kathy Charmaz’s (2006) Constructing Grounded Theory, writes against the positivist leanings of Glaser, Strauss, and Corbin by asserting that “Positivist theory seeks causes, favors deterministic explanations, and emphasizes generality and universality” (p. 126). Charmaz advocates for interpretive theory that emphasizes understanding instead of a focusing on explanation.
Grounded Theory research covers two main areas
As with all qualitative research and interviews – the moral inquiry
* Charmaz (2006) favours constructivist grounded theory stating that “Constructivist grounded theorists take a reflexive stance towards the research process, and consider how their theories evolve” (p. 131; emphasis hers).
* Within the field of grounded theory, there remains some debate regarding which grounded theory approach best suits the purposes of the research experiment.
Grounded theory has been used to study a wide range of issues in different practice settings including
There are also those working with grounded theory in order to help others already working with it, improve their understanding of the method