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The Second World War

Difference in the Wermacht Strategy

quiz!

From Poland to Stalingrad

-Battle of Britain: Germany knew they could only defeat Britain by gaining control of the airspace over the Channel, so they launched an attack June-September. The attack failed, mainly due to superior British air forces

-Attack on USSR: June 1941, Hitler launched biggest attack in history, conquering the Baltic states, Ukraine, and half of European Russia. The USSR was about to collapse, but the weather turned cold and fighting stopped, driving the Germans out.

-Stalingrad: Germans attacked Stalingrad the next August, key to the Volga River and the supply of oil. The Red Army rallied in the winter and and the Germans there surrendered in February 1943. This was a huge loss for Hitler.

The Character of warfare

• Wermacht: German armed forces
• Germans used blitzkreig (lightning war) as a combo of fighter planes, tanks, and infantry all in one attack
• Battles were fought on a much more massive scale than ever before; countries were conquered in days or weeks

attacks on civilian populations

The Collapse of the Guomindang

• Took less than a month for Germans to take Poland
• Britain and France declared war on Germany but took no further action, while the USSR invaded Eastern Poland and Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and later Finland
• Starting in March 1940, Germany attacked Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, quickly conquering them all.

1. Why did Japan resign from the League of Nations?

2. What two injustices did Mao Zedong ban in favor of women's rights?

3. What was the Wermacht?

4. What two Japanese cities did the US bomb?

5. Name 3 of the groups that Hitler targeted.

6. In what country did Japan leave their chemical weapons behind?

Answers

• The Guomindang (or Kuomintang): Chinese Nationalist Party founded on democratic principles
• USA gave millions of dollars in aid and weapons to the Guomindang, hoping for a coalition government with the Communists
• 1945: civil war broke out in China between the Guomindang and the Communist party

The Collapse of the guomindang

• The Guomindang started out with many advantages, such as more troops, weapons, and US support, but their occupation of formerly Japanese-held territory lost all of their popular support as they acted as an occupation force: heavy taxes, exploitation of the population, and very bad inflation
• April 1947: Communist forces surrounded Nanjing
• 1949: Guomindang armies started to collapse, very unpopular, lots of deserters
• High ranking members of the Guomindang fled to Taiwan, protected by US Navy
• October 1, 1949: Mao Zedong announced the founding of the People’s Republic of China

Before WWII, armies condemned targeting anything but military targets with bombs.

On April 26th, 1937, German warplanes attacked the city of Guernica, a small town of 7,000 in northern Spain. While the bombing was technically linked to the Spanish Civil War, it is considered the first attack in history that consisted of entirely civilians.

European powers agreed in a conference held in Hague (A dutch city) in 1907 that the banning of bombardments on “undefended” towns was a good, and sadly necessary decision.

During WWII, most countries abstained from dropping bombs on populated cities and towns. The main violators were Germany and Britain, against each other.

At one point, the mass amount of bombs that German planes dropped created a large firestorm. In that day, American bombers killed more civilians than the Germans, simply because they had difficulty hitting their targets through the smoke.

1:The US refused to support the conquest of China and Manchuria

2: Arranged Marriages and Foot Binding

3: German Armed Forces

4: Nagasaki and Hiroshima

5: Handicapped, Disabled, Jews, Gypsies, Polish and Gays

6: China

environmental impact

Nuclear Decisions and Japan

Island Hopping and Aircraft Carriers- Pacific

• Island Hopping: American strategy to isolate and bypass heavily defended islands around Japan in order to capture islands closer to Japan itself
• Battle of Midway: June 1942, Japan lost four of its six aircraft carriers, which Japan could not replace due to lack of industry and resources
• Aircraft carriers were crucial for this war, since it was staged in the huge Pacific Ocean
• June 1944: US bombers were able to attack Japan and submarines attacked Japanese merchant ships, cutting them off from oil and other raw materials

After WWII, the retreating Japanese army left millions of chemical weapons in Northeastern China, most units buried under the ground, allowing mustard gas, phosgene and lewisite to seep into lakes and streams.

The Japanese ended up spending, after decades of denying knowledge of the weapons, over $1.6 billion to destroy the known weapons. Craters, trenches and ammunition shells were left scattered all over the globe, and land mines lay hidden in desert sand. American naval bases located on islands never saw a sewage treatment plant, allowing their waste to flow freely into the water.

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki: August 6, 1945, US dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima, immediately killing 80,000 people and 120,000 from radiation and burns.
• 3 days later, the second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki
• Americans believed that the war would have dragged on for over a year and cost many more American lives if the bombs were not dropped
• Some Japanese would have been willing to surrender if they could keep the emperor, so the bombs may not have been necessary
• August 14, 1945: Japan surrendered and two weeks later Japanese leaders signed the official terms of surrender

primary document

Leaflets Warning Japanese of the Atomic Bomb:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-leaflets/

TO THE JAPANESE PEOPLE:

America asks that you take immediate heed of what we say on this leaflet.

We are in possession of the most destructive explosive ever devised by man. A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s can carry on a single mission. This awful fact is one for you to ponder and we solemnly assure you it is grimly accurate.

We have just begun to use this weapon against your homeland. If you still have any doubt, make inquiry as to what happened to Hiroshima when just one atomic bomb fell on that city.

Before using this bomb to destroy every resource of the military by which they are prolonging this useless war, we ask that you now petition the Emperor to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteen consequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better and peace-loving Japan.

You should take steps now to cease military resistance. Otherwise, we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.

EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.

ATTENTION JAPANESE PEOPLE. EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.

Because your military leaders have rejected the thirteen part surrender declaration, two momentous events have occurred in the last few days.

The Soviet Union, because of this rejection on the part of the military has notified your Ambassador Sato that it has declared war on your nation. Thus, all powerful countries of the world are now at war with you.

Also, because of your leaders' refusal to accept the surrender declaration that would enable Japan to honorably end this useless war, we have employed our atomic bomb.

A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s could have carried on a single mission. Radio Tokyo has told you that with the first use of this weapon of total destruction, Hiroshima was virtually destroyed.

Before we use this bomb again and again to destroy every resource of the military by which they are prolonging this useless war, petition the emperor now to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteen consequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better, and peace-loving Japan.

Act at once or we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.

EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.

The Japanese Invasion In Manchuria

extraordinary us efforts

Targets for extermination

(not so) Fun fact

SOurces

Thecasesolutions.com

Before WWII, the color pink was actually seen as a masculine color, while blue was feminine. During the extermination of the people, Hitler had pink triangles sewn onto the clothing of homosexuals, much like the Star of David on the clothes of the Jews. Having pink linked to the more ‘feminine’ sexuality caused the color to be demoted to girly and ‘sissy.’

The United States managed to keep fighting for other people’s rights right after they had pulled themselves out of the Depression.

The war brought out supposedly masculine qualities, like physical courage, violence, and domination, qualities valued highly in America. Oddly enough, WWII held a great part in weakening the holds of such traits on the country. Since all of the men went overseas, that left the women at home, to make war machines and change dirty diapers.

• Jews
• Polish
• Gypsies
• Mentally handicapped
• Disabled
• Homosexuals

• the textbook
• www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-15-3-a-firestorms-the-bombing-of-civilians-in-world-war-ii
• www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2010/1001.risen.html
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-leaflets/
• cache3.asset-cache.net/gc/460488662-bombs-left-by-japanese-army-during-world-war-gettyimages.jpg
• api.ning.com/files/YWIKkfelEpZi0jVzdP58G*ZvHO9KnsQVxPkZ3n138uH3HeqctnrhdH3sU2Gf6t3kcp^GTjqB*2MEQchUvUKIIthfwHWoj7g4/PinkTriangleHolocaust.jpg

essential questions

Guomindang (Kuomindang) was China's Traditional Political Party led by Chiang Kai-shek.

Manchuria was targeted because of the province's abundance of oil and iron ore.

• The Japanese tried to resolve their economic problems by conquering China.
• Guomindang, the main political party of China, tried to protect Manchuria from the Japanese Troops.
• A (not so accidental) explosion on a railway enraged the Japanese officers to take over the whole province.
• The Japanese government was not informed of the troops movement until it happened, showing their lack of power and influence. In the end, they had no choice but to support the conquest.

Thecasesolutions.com

The war within

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

Results of The Invasion

Results of Sino - Japanese war (1937-1945)

Thecasesolutions.com

• Chiang and the government of China escaped to the mountain of Sichuan.
• He built an army, not to fight the Japanese, but to defend against the Communist Party.
• Failed taxation to raise money for the army resulted in the printing of money. This caused inflation and corruption within the government.
• Mao built his army with little help from the Soviet Union in Yan'an, Shaanxi province.
• Mao continued to use propaganda as he showed that the Communist party was the only ones truly fighting the Japanese.

To what extent was genocide in WWll part of a strategic military plan?

-Germany used genocide as a "purpose" for fighting, but also as a way for them to get rid of their opponents

-Countries used genocide as an excuse to bomb inhabited, civilian cities

-Genocide in WWll was a very calculated, new, and strategic way of silencing one's opponent

• The Japanese troops successfully took over Shanghai (a major industrial city) and Beijing.
• Manchuria was named Manchukuo.
• The U.S. government refused to acknowledge Manchukuo and Japan's conquest in China.
• In return, Japan resigned from the League of Nations.
• Japanese troops commenced the building of more railways in Chinese cities and warships at home.

How did military decisions in WWll represent a different approach to warfare?

-Size and mobility of armies lead to a more motorized, large scale approach to war

-Germany used "blitzkrieg" (lightning war) to take over entire countries in just weeks

-The Allied Forces and Japan utilized aircraft carriers because of the oceans separating the fighting forces

-WWll required a new approach to warfare simply because of the distance between fighting nations and new weapons available

Mao's Ideology

What was the purpose and result of Japanese expansion in Asia?

-Japan thought it could end its dependence on foreign trade only if Japan had a colonial empire in China

-Japanese troops successfully conquered Shanghai and Beijing and their resources, accomplishing their goal

-The resources used during the war caused Japan to raise taxes and create a harder everyday life for civilians

-Other nations refused to accept Japan's new power and as a result, they resigned from the League of Nations in protest.

Thecasesolutions.com

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

How did the resolution of WWllcreate a foundation for The Cold War?

-The U.S. began the resolution of WWll by introducing and dropping nuclear bombs on Japan

-Russia, through an act of espionage, then acquired nuclear weapons

-This resolution lead to decades of silent fighting and power plays between the countries to see who was dominant

How was the strategy in the European, African, and Asian theaters similar and different?

-Countries were forced to use different parts of their military in different areas

-Asian, American, and African countries utilized aircraft carriers and ships to cross the oceans to reach other continents

-In Europe, most of the fighting was fought on land with motorized weapons

-Military strategies were forced to change based on weather patterns

Thecasesolutions.com

The Long March

• Feeling threatened by the Communist Party, in 1927 Chiang executed many of the members and the ones who fled, including Mao Zedong, stayed in Jiangxi Mountain.
• In 1931, Mao made the Chinese Soviet republic in Jiangxi.
• Mao fought the Goumindang troops through the usage of geurilla warfare; he retreated his troops again and again to confuse the enemy.
• In 1934, Chiang's party successfully pushed the Communist Party back again.
• Their one year journey of over 6,000 miles through rigid terrains and bombs from the Chiang's aircraft is infamously known as The Long March.

• On July 7, 1937, Japanese troops attacked Chinese forces near Beijing.
• They seized Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. The navy blockaded the entire coast of China.
• Within a year of bombing and burning villages, the Japanese troops controlled the lower Yangzi and Yellow River Valleys.
• China's resistance forced Japan to exhaust more supplies for their troops, and as a result, taxes rose and life became harder in Japan.
• The Nanjing Massacre (Rape of Nanjing) between 1937-1938: involved Japanese troops sexually abusing 20,000 women, killing 20,000 civilians and looting and burning the city.

• Joseph Stalin installed the Chinese Communist Party in 1921.
• Mao Zedong, born to a very poor family, first found the work of Karl Marx as a young boy, which inspired his strong impulse in violent effort.
• As one of the leaders of the Communist Party, Mao adopt a Marxist-Leninist Ideology.
• As a result, Mao targeted people who lived in the countrysides.

Mao's Ideology

Thecasesolutions.com

• Leaning towards Marxism, Mao found himself denying Communism's focus in industrial life. Since the Chinese economy relied greatly in agriculture, he found that it's only common sense to focus on the countryside life.
• Mao redistributed lands of wealthy people to the hands of poorer civilians.
• He took better care of peasants, which made up a great number of his army, than the Goumindang Party.
• Mao advocated for women's equality. He gave them jobs and banned arranged marriage and footbinding where his party ruled.
• However, no women were given leadership positions in the party.
• The Communist Party's compassion towards the ones neglected by the traditional government won many of the crowd and was continuously used as propaganda.

Thecasesolutions.com

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