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Important People/Events :

  • Sandinistas - a member of a left-wing Nicaraguan political organization, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), which came to power in 1979 after overthrowing the dictator Anastasio Somoza
  • Iran-Iraq War - the war of 1980-88 between Iran and Iraq in the general area of the Persian Gulf. It ended inconclusively after great hardship and loss of life on both sides. Also called Gulf War
  • Islamism - a political movement within the religion of islam that challenges the encroachment of global popular culture and blames colonial imperial and western elements for many of the religious problem
  • Cultural Revolution - political upheaval in China 1966-68 intended to bring about a return to revolutionary Maoist beliefs; carried forward by the Red Guard, it resulted in attacks on intellectuals, a large-scale purge in party posts
  • Juan Peron - President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974); as military officer, he championed the rights of labor; built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor
  • Saddam Hussein - Iraqi president; prime minister and head of the armed forces 1979-2003; fought a war with Iran 1980-88 and invaded Kuwait 1990, from which Iraqi forces were expelled in the Gulf War of 1991

Asia

China served as a guide and inspiration for those countries seeking a means of political development.

Mao Zedong embarked on programs designed to accelerate development in China and to distinguish Chinese communism from Soviet communism.

The Great Leap Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution were far-reaching policies that hampered the political and economic development that he wanted.

Private ownership was abolished, and farming and industry became largely rural and communal, which lead to one of the most deadly famines in history.

Red guards were those empowered to cleanse Chinese society of opponents to Mao’s rule.

Deng soon replaced Zedong and started “Deng’s Revolution” which engineered China’s entry into the international financial and trading system, by the relations to the US.

When Deng traded internationally it opened doors for foreign, capitalist values, so Deng sent tens of thousands of Chinese students to foreign universities to rebuild those for professional careers.

The students soon created a pro-democracy demonstrations, which Deng didn’t stand for and created a bloody crackdown

Latin America

India

Cuauhtemoc Cardenas took on the leadership of the opposition party, the Democratic Revolutionary Party.

It had to have been quite a reasonably expansive economy based on cattle raising and agriculture, a booming urban life and the beginnings of an industrial base.

They tend to have a growing middle class in a population composed mostly of the migrants mainly from Europe.

Also emerging along with a political intervention was a gradual shift to free elections and a sharing of political power beyond that exercised by the landowning elite.

Juan Peron promoted a nationalistic populism, protection of the economy from foreign control, and while having supports for the working class.

Most nations in Central and South America along with Mexico grappled with the conservative legacies of Spanish and Portuguese colonialism.

However, Latin America had to deal with neocolonialism due to the U.S. by influencing economies through investments and full or part ownership of enterprises (ex: the oil industry).

Mexico served as one model for the political development in Latin America, while Argentina seemed to be quite another candidate for the leadership in South America.

Soon she did return to office and once again, faced great difficulty of keeping India together through religious, ethnic, and secessionist movements.

One powerful movement was the Sikhs who wanted greater autonomy in the Punjab region.

Gandhi ordered the army to attack the sacred Golden Temple, which harbored armed Sikh extremist.

After Indira Gandhi was assassinated by the Sikh to avenge the attack, Rajiv Gandhi came into power.

Rajiv offered reconciliation to the Sikhs, he also maintained democracy and continued to work on development---overpopulation,poverty, and sectarian division

India was always known for its democracy, unlike those around it.

India maintained it political stability and its democratic system after gaining independence in 1947.

Its first post-independence prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, guided his nation to democratic rule.

Nehru’s daughter served as prime minister and started the “Green Revolution”that increased agricultural yields for India’s eight hundred million people.

Although the the new agricultural policies aided wealthier farmers, the masses of peasant farmers fell deeper into poverty.

India was plagued with the problems of: overpopulation and continuing sectarian conflicts

The two problems led Gandhi to declare a national emergency, which suspended the democratic process

The government engaged in repressive birth control policies, including involuntary sterilization.

Indira Gandhi allowed elections to be held in 1977, Indians voted against her because of her abrogation of democratic principles and her harsh birth control policies.

Latin America

Southwest Asia and North Africa

Most of the political models and some options were open to states in Latin America were rather diverse.

The establishment of communist and socialist regimes in Central and South America regularly provoked a response from the United States.

Then about one hundred years later, Latin America had become the site of fully 40% of the U.S. foreign investment.

The United Front Company,a foreign company, dominated Guatemala’s economy and its major export crop of bananas.

The “Sandinistas” garnered support over the decades for their guerrilla operations aimed at overthrowing Somozas.

In the end the “Sandinistas” did not take power of the Somozas until 1979.

Latin American nations was able to maintain links to the global markets and money,therefore making their economy appear strong enough to limit the effects of dependency.

The geographic convergence of the Arab and Muslim worlds encouraged the development of Arab nationalism in states of those regions that gained independence in the year after World War II.

Divisions were frequent and alliances shifted over time.

Governments included military dictatorship, monarchies, and Islamist revolutionary regimes.

The Sunni and Shia Muslims mainly followed the divergent theologies and foreign policies.

The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) is the political organization that served as a government in exile for Palestinians displaced from Israel.

Iraq had soon built a formidable military machine, largely owing to oil revenues by the late 1970s.

In 2003, a coalition of forces aligned with the US launched a preemptive invasion in order to destroy Hussein’s “weapons of mass destruction” and Iraq’s capacity to harbor global terrorists.

At the heart of Islamism was the desire for the reassertion of Islamic values in Muslim politics.

Extremist used the concept of jihad - the right and duty to defend Islam and the Islamic community from unjust attack - to rationalize and legitimize terrorism and revolution.

After Independence:Long Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Destinee Tate and Laura Bruan

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