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Why is This Important?

Practicing members by gender in AB

93% 7%

University of Alberta reported about 10% of our undergraduate students are male

(CARNA, 2015)

Special Challenges to Men who want to pursue Nursing Careers

(University of Alberta, 2015)

(Bernard Hodes Group, 2014)

References

Bernard Hodes Group (2014). Retrieved from http://aamn.org/docs/meninnursing2005survey.pdf

Bernard Hodes Group (2014). Man Enough to Be a Nurse [online image]. Retrieved July 13, 2015 from http://aamn.org/docs/meninnursing2005survey.pdf

Bernard Hodes Group (2014). Special Challenges to Men who Want to Pursue Nursing Careers [online image]. Retrieved July 13, 2015 from http://aamn.org/docs/meninnursing2005survey.pdf

Bartfay, W. J., Bartfay, E., Clow, K. A., & Wu, T. (2010). Attitudes and perceptions towards men in nursing education. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 8(2), 1-7.

Chur-Hansen, A. (2002). Preferences for female and male nurses: the role of age, gender and previous experience - year 2000 compared with 1984. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37(2), 192-198.

Clow, K. A., Ricciardelli, R., & Bartfay, W. J. (2014). Attitudes and stereotypes of male and female nurses: The influence of social roles and ambivalent sexism. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 46(3), 446-455. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1548797527?accountid=9838

De Niro, R., Roach, J., Rosenthal, J., & Tenenbaum, N. (Producers), & Roach, J. (Director). (2000). Meet the Parents [motion picture]. United States: Universal Studios.

Evans, J. (2002). Cautious caregivers: gender stereotypes and the sexualization of men nurses’ touch. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 40(4), 441-448.

Jinks, A. M., & Bradley E. (2004). Angel, handmaiden, battleaxe, or whore? A study which examines changes in newly recruited student nurses' attitudes to gende and nursing stereotypes. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 121 - 127.

Joel, L.A. (2003). Kelly’s Dimension of Professional Nursing (9th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Kenney, T. (2009, February 10). Nursing a viable career path for men. Retrieved from http://www.uleth.ca/unews/article/nursing-viable-career-path-men#.VaQHsaYmYZh

Patterson, B., & Morin, K. (2002). Perceptions of the maternal-child clinical rotation: the male student nurse experience. Journal Of Nursing Education, 41(6), 266-272.

Rajacich, D., Kane, D., Williston, C., Cameron, S. (2013). If They Do Call You a Nurse, It Is Always a “Male Nurse” : Experiences of Men in the Nursing Profession. Wiley Periodicals, Inc Nursing Forum 48(1), 71 - 80.

MacWilliams, B.R., Schmidt, B., Bleich, M.R. (2013). Men in Nursing. American Journal of Nursing 113 (1) 38 - 44.

Whiteside, J., & Butcher, D. (2015). ‘Not a job for a man’: factors in the use of touch by male nursing staff. British Journal Of Nursing, 24(6), 335-341.

Recommendations

What is Being Done Right Now?

(Bernard Hodes Group, 2014)

Opening a dialogue about gendered stereotypes in nursing

may be a means of combating them (Evans, 2002).

Clow, Ricciardelli, & Bartfay's (2014) solution was to increase the number of male nurses! They found that individuals with greater exposure to male nurses had better perceptions of male nurses.

Recruitment ads for nursing school should portray the male presence in the profession (Bartfay, 2010)

Other solutions included better educating career counselors, promoting more school visits and presentations &

advertising 'shadow programs' in men's magazines

(Bernard Hodes Group, 2014).

In 2009, the University of Lethbridge's Nursing program & the Faculty of Health Sciences presented a Men in Nursing Recruitment Day (Kenney, 2009).

The University of Calgary & Mount Royal University promotes males to enter the nursing programs in their advertisements.

Historical Events Contributing to Negative Stereotypes

(Mount Royal University, 2014, University of Calgary, 2015)

www.santabana.com

War

What Do You Think We Can Do To Change These Stereotypes?

Florence Nightingale & The Victorian Era

Prior to Nightingale, male religious orders were responsible

for the vast majority of nursing tasks (McMurry, 2011).

Nightingales' reform of nursing marked the profession as a secular

sisterhood & it was seen as a natural extension of virtuous

womanhood. (McMurry, 2011).

The division of the value of women and men labor in the society that Nightingale

reformed in reaffirmed preconceived notions of the division of labor between

the sexes, and permitted little opportunity for men to participate

in nursing (McMurry, 2011).

During World War II, military nursing positions were almost exclusively filled

by young, single, white females who were often depicted by their male

counterpart as a “virgin” or “pin-up girl” imagery (McMurry, 2011).

The Navy permitted a small number of male nurses, but they were not granted entry

into the Nurse Corps, and they were denied the title of “nurse”. If men had been

allowed into the military as nurses, it offered so few benefits to be

discouraging to men (McMurry, 2011).

Ultimately, these measures perpetuated an ideology that excluded

men from nursing

(McMurry, 2011).

How Male Nursing Stereotypes Affect Nursing Care.

How Does This Affect Patient Care?

The Stereotypes Seen Today

(De Niro, Roach, Rosenthal, Tenenbaum, & Roach, 2000)

(Gandia, 2012)

http://globalnews.ca/news/1885240/trial-begins-for-calgary-nurse-charged-with-sexual-assault-of-patient/

Patient Receptiveness to Care By a Male Nurse

Male Nurses

Perceptions on Providing Care

"High-tech, low-touch" jobs such as management, teaching, and technology have higher ratio of male nurses (Whiteside & Butcher, 2015).

In one study, male nurses voiced a concern that their touch could be misinterpreted by female clients as sexual & many felt helpless to defend themselves against false accusations of inappropriate behaviour (Evans, 2002).

Some male nurses reported instances in which they felt it was too dangerous to touch a client, even for a procedure, and may

“trade off” tasks with female nurses r to ensure their clients’

comfort and their personal safety (Evans, 2002).

Some facilities policies bar male nurses from performing in certain units (McMurry, 2011).

One survey found female respondents preferred to have female over male nurses in intimate situations

(Chur-Hansen, 2002).

Gender stereotypes foster the belief that certain men are incapable of compassionate / sensitive care, they are inappropriate in the caregiver role, or that their use of touch is sexual, not therapeutic (Evans, 2002).

A registered nurse stated that if she were to be a patient, "I would never have a male nurse, I would never have a male look at me” (Patterson & Morrin, 2002).

What the Literature Says

What We Have Found

Interviewing the Public

Male nurses are often presumed to be overly effeminate or

homosexual (Evans, 2002, McMurry, 2011).

Male nurses can be viewed as "sexual deviants" who want to take

advantage of vulnerable situations (Roth & Coleman, 2008)

Bartfay (2010) survey of Canadian students perception of male nurses

found that societal preconceptions and stereotypes of male nurses

prevailed.

A 1984 survey found that older respondents were of the

opinion that "women [are] better suited to nursing than men

because of their thoughtfulness..." (Chur-Hansen, 2002).

" I think it would be weird... I was always cared for by a female, such as my mom" - 45 year old male

" I could care less if it was a male or female as long as they are nice" - 21 year old male

" I think they went into the profession for the women" - 21 year old male

"I have no problems or concerns about men in nursing, but I don't think I'd be comfortable with a male nurse providing personal care"

- 23 year old

female

Has anyone witnessed negative male nursing stereotypes in practice?

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