Ohio

Ohio Panic and Boom

What does it say?

Divisive Politics

Constitution of 1850

Banks

Infrastructure

Slavery

Social Reform

Jacksonian Democrats

Republicans/Whig

Limited Government

Local Control

(Very popular among Scots/Irish Immigrants)

Nationally oriented

Pro-Reform

Anti-Slavery

• Ohio Whigs upset when the national party chooses (slave owning) Zachary Taylor
• Break away to form Free Soiler Party
• Have great success in Ohio (Elect Samuel P Chase to the Senate)
• Repealed many Black Laws
• Pushed for the 1850 Constitution

struggled to build local and state support

Great at building local and state support through clubs and conventions

Ohio's reputation as a swing state is born

Election 1828 (re-aligning)

51.6/51.3% Dem/Rep

War of 1812

• Master of Life said all Native Americans should work together
• Should forsake all goods and methods of the white man
• White men were the sons (and daughters) of the Evil Great Serpent
• Master of Life would sweep these people away
• World would be filled with peace and happiness

Tenskwatawa (The Open Door)

• Father: Shawnee Mother: Creek
• Believed he could build a confederacy of tribes from Lake Erie to Gulf of Mexico
• Believed in his brothers vision
• Adamant that no more land be ceded to the Whites

Tecumseh

• Named Governor of Indiana Territory
• Goal: get as much land from the Indians as he could
• 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne gets 3 mil acres (including Wabash river)

William Henry Harrison

Met with Harrison to tell him that he should give back the land (Harrison said "No")

Battle of Tippecanoe: November 7, 1811

• Harrison marches his men to Prophetstown
• Tecumseh told his brother not to engage... But he did anyway:(
• Harrison burns the town to the ground
• The Prophet losses his followers
• Tecumseh takes his men to Canada to join the British

Gave the illusion that the British were inciting Indian uprisings on the frontier

Ohio and the War of 1812:

• General Hull given command of 2,000 men to invade Canada using Fort Detroit
• He is pushed back by Tecumseh and the British who take Fort Detroit as well as Fort Mackinac

Ohioans lived in fear throughout 1813

• Harrison built Fort Meigs
• Tecumseh and British lay siege throughout summer
• Farmers built their own fortifications and got rich selling food to the army

Battle of the Thames:

War continues for another 3 years but the war in Ohio is over. Ohio's economy booms as farmers sell to the army and the government builds more roads to transport goods and men

Fort Meigs survived when the British moved north to Fort Stephens (Sandusky)

"Old Betsy" saved Sandusky from falling and the war turned to the Great Lakes

Oliver Hazard Perry

Battle of Put-in-Bay: September 10, 1813

• Favorable winds and luck give Perry the upper hand
• Forced to abandon his flagship- takes "don't give up the ship" flag with him as he rows to a new boat
• Upon victory he says "We have met the enemy and they are ours: 2 ships, 2 brigs, 1 schooner, and 1 sloop."
• Perry's victory forced the British into Ontario
• Perry transports Harrison's troops there

Panic of 1819

By 1818 there were thousands (and thousands) of "notes" but only about $50,000 in actual money in the whole state

Panic starts in 1818 when Cincinnati branch of the Bank of the United States begins calling in its loans to state banks at 20% interest

Banks would not take paper $$$ for the loans

Ohioans will NEVER forget/forgive the bank for this

Farms and businesses were foreclosed on

Bank gained a TON of land

Crop prices fell

Land Act and Relief Acts (1820-21)

• No longer sell land on credit
• Could buy as little as 80 acres
• $1.25 an acre

Industry, Industry, Industry

Dayton

Canals Spur Ohio's Industrial Revolution

Portsmouth Brewery

Cincinnati

Why?

• Dropped shipping costs by $17 a bushel
• Caused a BOOM in secondary businesses (like Hotels)
• Put Ohio on the map as a producer of spirits (whiskey and wine)
• Allowed agricultural based industries to skyrocket (pork, wool, wheat)
• Immigrants flooded into Ohio industrial centers (Germans and Irish)

Brings Ohio into the NATIONAL economic system

Farmers produce crops to SELL

Oldest breweries in Ohio

Creates employer/employee (WAGES) relationship

Allows people access and use of CASH

The Canals brought THOUSANDS of jobs to Ohioans

Jackson Brewery

Named after Pres. Jackson in 1829. Oldest brewing site in Cinci

• No more than 14.5 ft x 85 ft
• 7-9 crew members
• could carry 30-50 tons
• could carry passengers and cargo at the same time
• Used toll offices to track traffic
• Had strict rules concerning boat travel etiquette

• Whole towns popped up along the canal
• Shipping costs dropped dramatically
• Created a boom in industries such as whiskey and meat processing (pork)

Canal construction begins in 1825

Boom Towns

• 4 ft deep
• 40 ft wide @ the top
• 26 ft wide @ the bottom
• 20 ft on each bank + 10 ft tow path
• every 6 ft rise/fall needed a 90 x 15 ft LOCK

Towns bid against each other and granted land to get the canal to pass through their area, while whole towns were created just to serve the canal:

Built by Irish and German immigrants from New York who had worked on the (NY) Erie Canal

43 locks just in the last 38 miles of canal to get to Lake Erie

Staley Mill Farm Indian Creek Distillery

New Carlisle Oldest Whiskey distillery

By the time the Miami Erie canal was finished in 1845 Ohio had 600 miles of canal covering 40% of its counties

Cincinnati

Dayton

Cleveland

Columbus

Portsmouth

Lockbourne

Canal Winchester

(Canal) Dover

Canal Fulton

Lock 17

Lancaster

Akron

Waverly

Chillicothe

Circleville

Lancaster

Nelsonville

Piqua

St. Marys

Tipp City

Sidney

Fort Loramie

Milan

Longworth Catawba Wine (Cinci)

Lockport

Case Study

Akron

Milan

Waverly

Nelsonville (Hocking Canal)

Dayton

Canals

Nelsonville

Waterville

Railroads

Ohio's 1 st Industrial City

Perfect spot for farmers to bring their goods and for workers (immigrants/migrants) to live

Built around the meatpacking industry

Mercer co

Cinci meat packers develop assembly line method (which is later stolen by Chicago meat packers and then by Henry Ford)

Dayton

Vinto co

Meat packing leads to development of other industries in Cincinnati

Railroad "boom" towns

Proctor and Gamble

Canton

Youngstown

Dayton

Other Industries that Pushed Ohio's Early Economic Boom

Later:

Kahn's Hot Dogs.... who else?

Salt

Apples

Cincinnati

Coal

Iron

Ohio: The Heart of it all 1800-1860

Ebenezer Zane

• Government gave him a grant to build a road across southern Ohio
• Used an old Indian trail
• wasn't much of a "road" in many parts
• But....he made a lot of $$$

Enabling Act 1802:

• Made Ohio "one of the United States of America"
• set the precedent for admitting other new states
• allowed for $$$ to be spent on the development of infrastructure in the interior

The National Road:

Macadam paved

connected the territories with the East Coast

Cumberland Wheeling Ohio

Ohio General Assembly meets for first session March 1, 1803

Black Laws become first piece of Ohio Legislation

Banking :

1803: Miami Exporting Company (Cinci) given right to issue paper $$$

1808-18: Gen. Assem. chartered 25 more banks all with ability to issue paper $$$

"An Act to Regulate Black and Mulatto Persons"

• Must register upon arrival and pay a fee (within 2 years)
• Had to prove their freedom upon arrival
• $10-50 fine for bringing undocumented Africans into the state
• Local judiciary/sheriffs would help with recapture
• $1,000 fine for slave catchers who "caught" the wrong person

1807 revisions:

• Fee raised to $1
• Had 20 days to get 2 property holders to put up $500 bond
• Doubled penalty for harboring undocumented Africans
• Repealed all civil protections (could not testify against whites, could not serve in military)