1)
Definition:
- The black or white fallacy is the fallacy dilemma where you presented two alternative states as the only possibilities and ignores other possibilities.
- Binary, black-or-white thinking doesn't allow for the many different variables, conditions, and contexts in which there would exist more than just the two possibilities put forth. It frames the argument misleadingly and obscures rational, honest debate.
2)No sub-fallacy
Example:
All dogs are mammals
No cats are dogs
Therefore, no cats are mammals
illicit
Propositional Fallacy
Probabilistic Fallacy
Meredith, Sally
The link of video:
Argument Against Marriage
Christine.Daisy.Leila
1) Definition:
The statement itself is wrong:
2) Using the taxonomy of logical fallacies on http://www.fallacyfiles.org/taxonomy.html, identify the sub-Fallacies under it
1. affirm the consequent
2. deny the antecedent
3.affirming a disjunct
4.commutation of conditionals
5.deny a conjunct
6.improper transposition
3) Cite your source
http://www.fallacyfiles.org/propfall.html
4) Provide at least one example of this logical fallacy
a. Print
If it's raining then the streets are wet.
The streets are wet.
Therefore, it's raining.
b. Video (insert link)
5) Explain how the example displays your fallacy
Inconsistency
If a man went back in time to kill his grandfather then his grandfather and grandmother will not get married, and then his father or mother will not be born and then he will not exist. So he cannot kill his grandfather.
Undistributed middle
http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=syllogism&vid=844dfc05ea17576c0c8e50bd7d1a9fb7&l=3%3A06&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts2.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DVN.608049012852000137%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdRCS0CSwhsg&tit=How+to+Understand+Syllogisms&c=9&sigr=11ai6nmdr&sigt=10snbft3e&ct=p&pstcat=sports&age=0&hsimp=yhs-default&hspart=aztec&type=hmp_121_498&tt=b
Syllogistic Fallacy
Premise 1: My parents have an unhappy marriage
Premise 2: ???
Conclusion: Therefore, if I marry, I will be unhappy.
1) Definition: Concluding something only has some possibility based on premises, which is invalid.
2) Using the taxonomy of logical fallacies on http://www.fallacyfiles.org/taxonomy.html, identify the sub-Fallacies under it
-the base rate fallacy
-the conjunction fallacy
-the gambler’s fallacy
-the hot hand fallacy
-multiple comparisons fallacy
3) Cite your source
4) Provide at least one example of this logical fallacy
a. Print
Premise 1: Tom tosses a coin of T for 3 times
Premise 2: Tom tosses a coin for the fourth time
Conclusion: The result is T
b. Video (insert link)
5) Explain how the example displays your fallacy
All students carry backpacks.
My grandfather carries a backpack.
Therefore, my grandfather is a student.
Formal
Sometimes Arguments seem Logical...
but aren't
Logical Fallacies
Logical Argument for "I Want to Go Out"
Existence of fallacy
Premise 1: Magnets attract objects made of iron
Premise 2: Magnets attract this object
Conclusion: This object must be made of iron
(it could also be made of Nickel)
Premise 1: All people are allowed to "go out."
Premise 2: I am people
Conclusion: I should be allowed to go.
Affirmative
or
nagative fallacies
Logic = a way of figuring things out
Types of Logical Fallacies
Premise 1: All humans are mortal
Premise 2: Aristotle is a human
Conclusion: Therefore Aristotle is mortal
Formal:
- Propositional Fallacy
- Probabilistic Fallacy
- Syllogistic Fallacy
Informal:
- Red Herring
- Slippery Slope
- Non Causa Pro Causa
- Black or White
- Begging the Question
A Bit Like Math:
1 + 2 = 3
1) Define the Fallacy in your own words
2) Using the taxonomy of logical fallacies on http://www.fallacyfiles.org/taxonomy.html, identify the sub-Fallacies under it
3) Cite your source
4) Provide at least one explanation
a. Print
b. Video
5) Explain what is wrong with this example
http://www.fallacyfiles.org/taxonomy.html
Premise 1 + Premise 2 = Conclusion
Premise 1: Magnets attract objects made of iron
Premise 2: This object is made of iron
Conclusion: Therefore, Magnets will attract this object
Begging the Question
Leon Heaven Vincent C
1.definition.
In a formal debate, “Begging the question” is a fallacy assume that the conclusion is true to ask the other side to speed up in pointing out their opinions for increasing proceedings
2.identify
a. Loaded words: some words having secondary, evaluative meaning in addition to its primary, descriptive meaning.
b. An analogical argument begs the question when the strength of the analogy depends upon some controversial point at issue
3.
4.
a.print
1. "If such actions were not illegal, then they would not be prohibited by the law
2. Bill: "God must exist."
Jill: "How do you know."
Bill: "Because the Bible says so."
Jill: "Why should I believe the Bible?"
Bill: "Because the Bible was written by God."
b.video
5.explaination
In Bill’s assuming, he think Bible is right, and“the God is exist” is based on “the Bilble is right”. Then based on what he assumed,“ the God is exist”, he prove his original “the Bible is right” .
Logic & Logical Fallacy
Black or White
Tina Tony Lucien Lotus
Informal
Red Herring
Explain how the example displays your fallacy
Print:
1. To first example, people can’t divided into good or bad easily, people are complex was a combination of thousands of good or bad features, so you may say in some degree this people is bad but you can’t judge as a bad men.
2.To the second example, whenever leader have a specific policy people would have any kinds of opinion to the part of policy, but that can mean people don’t support their leader. And if leader use whether his people support and agree or not as a standard of if people still stand by him that would make him lose a lot.
Video:
The people who labels someone else as a Black and White thinker is also think in a Black and White way.
Red Herring
Joe Louis Toby
1) an idea that distracts attention from the main issue
2) -straw man
-genetic fallacy
-bandwagon fallacy
-two wrongs make a right
-appeal to consequences
-emotional appeal
-guilt by association
3) Cite your source
http://literarydevices.net/red-herring/
4) Provide at least one example of this logical fallacy
a. Print
Mother: It’s bedtime Jane
Jane: Mom, how do ants feed their babies?
Mother: Don’t know dear. Close your eyes now.
Jane: But mama, do ant babies cry when hungry?
b. Video (insert link)
5) Explain how the example displays your fallacy
Non Causa Pro Causa
Yeah, Echo, Elaine
1) Define the Fallacy in your own words ： wrong cause to the effect
2) Using the taxonomy of logical fallacies on http://www.fallacyfiles.org/taxonomy.html, identify the sub-Fallacies under it ：
a. Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc: impose a causa to two things which have no causa and they happen at the same time
b. Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc: impose a causa to two things which have no causa and one thing happens before another
c. Regression Fallacy: impose a causa that depends on average thing
d. Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy: impose a causa a thing that happen accidently
3) Cite your source ：David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (Harper & Row, 1970), pp. 167-169.
4) Provide at least one example of this logical fallacy
a. Print Charging that welfare causes child poverty, [Gary Bauer] cites a study showing that "the highest increases in the rate of child poverty in recent years have occurred in those states which pay the highest welfare benefits. The lowest increases—or actual decreases—in child poverty have occurred in states which restrain the level of AFDC payments."
b. Video (insert link)
5) Explain how the example displays your fallacy
a. It said that charging that welfare causes child poverty, but the truth is they only happen in the same time.