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Civil
Rights
Act
of
1964
Passed on July 2, 1964, the bill
guaranteed certain civil rights and labor
law legislations. It outlawed any discrimination
based on race, nationality, religion, sex, or the
color of one's skin. It brought an end to voter
registration requirments being unequal across the
states, and prevented racial segregation in school,
workplaces, and areas of public accomidation.
JFK
Assasinated
On November 22, 1963, the 35th president
of the United States, John F. Kennedy was assasinated. He was killed in Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald, and was shot twice - once in the head and once in the chest. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took over the presidency on Kennedy's passing. It is the most recent assasination of a president.
Tet Offensive
Named after the Vietnamese New Year, the Tet Offensive
began on January 30, 1968. It was a large campaign of surprise attacks against South Vietnam by Northern Vietnam armies (Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam). The Massacre at Hue took place during this time. Although it
was an overall win for South Vietnam and the
United States, it shocked the public and increased
distrust of the government, contributing
to decline of support for the war.
First Moon Landing
NASA's Apollo 11 lands humans on the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to walk on the moon, respectively. Astronaut Michael Collins remained in orbit up above in the Columbia. It was described as "one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind" by Armstrong and brought an end to the Space Race between the
United States and the Soviet Union.
Gemini Agena Target Vehicle
The Gemini Agena Target Vehicle was
used to allow many astronauts to practice numerous rendevous
and docking manuveurs they would need if they would fly the Apollo
missions to the moon and back. It was used four times on the four
missions of Gemini 8, 10, 11, and 12 in 1966.
X-
15
The X-15 was a rocket
reasearch aircraft created by
NASA, the Air Force,
and the Navy. It was owned and
run jointly by all three units. It
consumed large amounts of fuel, so the
X-15 was always launched from a
separate B-52 aircraft at heights of
45, 000 ft. and at speeds higher than
500 mph. It set record speeds of Mach
4.43 (March 7, 1961), Mach 5.27
(June 23, 1961), Mach 6.04
(November 9, 1961), and Mach 6.7
(October 3, 1967) and an altitude record of
354,200 ft. (August 22, 1963). It gave
NASA numerous precious infomation on subjects
such as hypersonic air flow, aerodynamic heating, control and
stability at hypersonic speeds, reaction controls for any flight
above the atmosphere, piloting techniques for reentry,
human factors, and flight instruction. It highly
contributed to the success of the Mercury,
Gemini, and Apollo piloted
spacecraft programs, as
well as the Space
Shuttle
program.
Echo 1, 1A, and 2
Echo 1, 1A, and 2 were used from 1960
through 1964. The first experimental
communications satellite project produced these
three Echo satellites. Each one was a spacecraft
made of a large metallized balloon which, by
design, acted as a passive communications
reflector which bounced communication signals
transmitted from one point on the Earth to
another. Although the launch vehicle carrying
Echo 1 failed, Echo 1A (commonly confused
with Echo 1) successfully orbited the Earth and
redirected transcontinental and intercontinental
telephone, radio, and television signals. The successes
of Echo 1A and Echo 2 proved that microwave
transmissions to and from satellites in space was not
only understoof but could be demonstrated with a
future promise of more communications satellites.
TIROS
All of the TIROS (Television Infared
ObservationSatellites) were launched between
1960 and 1965, and are still in orbit. These
spacecraft were the beginning of a long series of many
different polar-orbiting meteorological satellites.
TIROS was followed by the TOS
(TIROS Opoerational System) series
of satellites as well as the ITOS (Improved
TIROS) series of satellites and the
NOAA series of satellites. TIROS
satellites were made and developed by the
GSFC and were managed by the
ESSA (Environmental Science
Services Administration). They achieved
the beginning and much of their objective of
establishing a global weather satellite system.
Apollo 1 Disaster
On January 27, 1967, the testing of the Apollo 1 (AS-204) capsule turned into a tragedy when a cabin fire broke out with the three crew members inside. It was to be the first manned mission of the Apollo Space Program, which had an ultimate goal of a manned lunar landing. However, Apollo 1's low orbit test in Earth for the Apollo Command and Service
Module never happened on the scheduled date of February 21,
1967 due to the tragedy. The cabin fire happened during a
launch rehearsal test at the Cape Kennedy Air
Force Station Launch Complex 34, killing
the three crew members -
Command Pilot Gus
Grissom, Senior
Pilot Edward
White, and Pilot
Roger B. Chaffee -
and destroying the command
module.
Sarah Armstrong, Period 1 Astronomy