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  • R. 1780-1790
  • "I have made philosophy the lawmaker of my empire"
  • Abolished serfdom
  • Penal code est. that gave equal rights
  • Freedom of press, constructed hospitals, and abolished torture
  • Religious toleration -> private worship for Jews
  • Many reforms backfired and were overturned

Catherine the Great

Maria Theresa

  • R. 1762-1796; Russia
  • German
  • Produced little change after est. an assembly for reform (1767)
  • Strengthened landholding class, subjugated the serfs
  • Divided Russia into 50 provinces ruled by elite
  • Tax exempt and had special legal privileges
  • Limited religious toleration
  • Pugachev's Rebellion (1773-74)
  • Issued manifesto freeing all peasants from taxes and military service
  • Peasants killed ~1500 estate holders
  • Led to greater repression
  • Westernization & growth
  • Austrian Empire became a great European state in the 18th c.
  • War of Austrian Succession solidified her as Queen
  • Maria Theresa R. 1740-1780; Austria
  • Clergy and nobility paid property and income taxes
  • Reduced power of lords over serfs
  • Centralized monarchy by splitting Austrian lands into provinces controlled by royal reps
  • Not religiously tolerant

Enlightened Absolutism

Joseph II

Partition of Poland

  • Most European states led by a monarch in the 18th c.
  • Enlightenment impacted political development of some nations
  • Declaration of Independence
  • Qualifications of an enlightened ruler: religious toleration, freedom of speech & press, rights to private property, fair justice system, access to education
  • Rulers would use enlightenment ideals to reform their countries
  • -> modernism
  • Poland had a weak monarchy, nobles overtook King
  • Competition for territory between Russia, Prussia, and Austria = demise
  • 1772-Poland lost 30% of its land
  • Austria gained Galicia, Russia took part of eastern Poland
  • Russians kept troops in rest of independent Poland
  • 1793-1795-More partitions
  • Thaddeus Kosciuszko led last stitch rebellion but failed
  • Remainder of Poland divided between empires
  • 50% to Russia

Frederick (II) the Great

  • R. 1740-1786, Prussia
  • Militarism
  • ~200,000 men
  • Invasion of Silesia
  • Enjoyed works of Voltaire and French lang.
  • Saw himself as a "servant of the state"
  • Single code of laws; no torture (except in treason and murder)
  • Granted limited freedom of speech and press
  • Religious toleration
  • Reserved higher positions for nobles
  • Serfdom not abolished

Enlightened Absolutism

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