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References

Abdul Rahman, M., Fidel Turner, J., & Elbedour, S. (2015). The U.S. homeless student

population: Homeless youth education, review of research classifications and typologies, and the U.S. federal legislative response. Child & Youth Care Forum, 44(5), 687-709.

Brakenhoff, B., Jang, B., Slesnick, N., & Snyder, A. (2015). Longitudinal predictors of

homelessness: findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-97. Journal Of Youth Studies, 18(8), 1015-1034.

Kabler, B., Weinstein, E., Joffe, R. T. (2014). Best practices in working with homeless students in

schools. In Harrison, P. L. & Thomas, A. (Eds.), Best Practices in School Psychology (pp. 157-167). Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists.

Kamieniecki, G. W. (2001). Prevalence of psychological distress and psychiatric disorders

among homeless youth in Australia: A comparative review. Australian and New Zealand Journal ofPsychiatry, 35, 352-358.

Murphy, J., & Tobin, K. (2011). Homelessness comes to school. Thousand

Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

National Clearing House on Families and Youth (2015). Psychotropic medication: A family and

youth worker's guide. Retrieved from http://ncfy.acf.hhs.gov/features/mental-health-first-step-well-being/psychotropic-medication-family-and-youth-worker-s-guide

NCSL (2013). Homeless and runaway youth. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/

human-services/homeless-and-runaway-youth.aspx.

Saddichha, S., Linden, I., & Krausz, M. R. (2014). Physical and mental health issues among

homeless youth in British Columbia, Canada: Are they different from older homeless adults?. Journal Of The Canadian Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(3), 200-206.

Samuels, J., Shinn, M., & Buckner, J. C. (2010, May). Homeless children:

Update on research, policy, programs, and opportunities. Retrieved from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website: http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/10/HomelessChildrenRoundtable/index.shtml

Sun, A. (2012). Helping homeless individuals with co-occurring disorders: The four

components. Social Work, 57(1), 23-37.

Wynne, M. E. , Ausikaitis, A. E., & The Loyola University Home-School

Community Research Team. (2015). Addressing the educational needs of homeless students. Communique, 42(2). Retrieved from http://www.nasponline.org/publications/periodicals/communique/issues/volume-42-issue-2/addressing-the-educational-needs-of-homeless-students.

Homeless Youth

Local and National Resources

Defining Homeless Youth

"Individuals who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence."

Local Resources:

  • Urban Peak
  • Denver's Road Home
  • Open Door Ministries
  • Denver Rescue Mission
  • Colorado Coalition for the Homeless
  • Catholic Charities
  • Douglas County Housing Partnership (Rent/Housing Assistance)

National Resources:

  • StandUp for Kids
  • School Resources for Homeless Families (website)

Includes children who are:

  • Sharing a person's housing due to economic hardship or loss of housing
  • Living in hotels, motels, campgrounds, or trailer parks due to lack of other accommodations
  • Living in transitional or emergency shelters
  • Living or abandoned in hospitals
  • Awaiting foster care placement
  • Using a nighttime residence that is a public or private place not used as a typical sleeping accommodation
  • Living in cars, parks, public spaces, bus or train stations, or abandoned buildings

(Kabler et al., 2014).

Barriers to Education

  • 75% of homeless/runaway children or adolescents have already or will eventually drop out of school (NCSL, 2013).
  • Homeless children exhibit delays at four times the rate of children in stable housing, especially in the domains of social– emotional functioning and academic achievement (Samuels et al., 2010).
  • Homeless youth are likely to experience bullying and possess poor self-esteem as a result of their clothing, poor personal hygiene, and living conditions.
  • Depression is the most common psychological effect of homelessness (Murphy & Tobin, 2011).
  • "Without responsive structural support this vulnerable population is at high risk of failure. Several federal programs are mandated to assist homeless youth meet their basic needs and education", but are often not helpful because they are not evaluated for their efficiency (Abdul, Fidel, & Elbedour, 2015).

Medications and Other Outside Treatments

Young people living in residential settings like foster homes, homeless shelters and transitional living programs are often prescribed psychotropic medications to address psychological symptoms and behaviors such as anxiety, depression, and aggression (National Clearinghouse on Families and Youth, 2015).

Motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and contingency management may be beneficial to youth in this population (Sun, 2012).

Assessment Tools

Due to chronic poverty, exposure to violence, and inadequate health care, it is crucial to assess the mental health needs of homeless youth.

  • Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second or Third Edition (BASC-2 or BASC-3)

  • Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales

  • Achenbach System of Empirically Based

Assessment (ASEBA)

  • Multiple other social-emotional assessments may be beneficial as well

Statistics

McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act

Characteristics of Homeless Youth

  • 1 in 7 children/adolescents between the ages of 10 and 18 will run away from home, with 75% of those being female.
  • Adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 are more likely to become homeless than adults.
  • 20-40% of homeless children/adolescents identify as LGBTQ
  • Of the homeless or runaway children/adolescents, 46% reported physical abuse, 38% reported emotional abuse, and 17% reported sexual abuse.
  • Federal law that ensures enrollment and educational stability for homeless children and youth. The law also provides funding to states to support programs that aid homeless students (U.S. Department of Education, 2015).

  • Enrollment and universal screening

  • Transportation

  • Disciplinary practices

(NCSL, 2013)

School-Based Interventions

  • Second Step
  • Coping Cat
  • Superflex
  • Strong Kids/Teens
  • Getting Along Together, 2nd Ed.
  • Coping With Stress & Coping with Depression Courses

  • Often referred to as:
  • Runaways, Throwaways, Street Youths, & Systems Youths
  • Risk Factors for becoming homeless:
  • Multiple runaway events, a non-traditional family structure, lower educational accomplishments, and limits to parental work due to health concerns (Brakenhoff, Jang, Slesnick, & Snyder, 2015)
  • Concerns:
  • Anxiety and depressive symptoms
  • Anger management and irritability problems
  • Sexual promiscuity
  • "The lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders is almost as twice as high for homeless youth compared with their peers"
  • Depression, anxiety, substance use and abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosis, anxiety, and mood disorders (Kamieniecki, 2001)

(Saddichha, Linden, & Krausz, 2014)

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