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Industrial Revolution and Nationalism
By: Izabella Viktoria Crespo
Industry
Russia
Russia rebelled against the power of the Czar. They were resistant to reform which caused revolts. Revolutionary groups lost the wars but sparked a revolutionary movement. Alexander II made reforms but his son ended them and went after those against the government. Soon under the rule of his son, Nicholas II, industry developed rapidly but many were dissatisfied. After the loss to Japan, Nicholas II yielded to the people with the October Manifesto.
Textile industries were transformed in this time. Englishman James Hargreaves invented a machine that could make multiple spools of threads simultaneously. More spinning machines were invented and soon Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin.
Developments in the iron industry came along as well a coke-fueled furnace was now producing cast iron. Iron and steel became the most essential materials. 1712 the steam engine was developed to pump water out of mines. Then by the 1770s the steam engine was improved and went on to power machinery, locomotives and ships
Britain was the birthplace of the industrial revolution. Merchants needed cost effective methods of production that led to mechanization and the factory system.
Germany
In the early 1800s the first steamboat was built and steam locomotives were also coming into use. Richard Trevithick constructed the first tracks and in 1850 there was over 6,000 miles of track in Britain. Aviation technology was being influenced and the Wright brothers carried out the first successful flight of an airplane.
Early 1900s electricity replaced coal as the major source of fuel. Michael Faraday's principle led to electric generator and Thomas Edison developed the phonograph and the incandescent lightbulbs.
Otto von Bismark embraced realpolitik and fought Denmark. Prussia defeated Denmark and Bismark got into war with Austria and won seven weeks later. France now was the last obstacle to Prussia. With efficient military and southern German states as allies, Prussia defeated France and Bismark gained the support for the unification of Germany.
Austria-Hungary
Francis Joseph struggled to maintain an unified empire. After Austria was defeated by Prussia, the empire was weakened and lost influence over German states. The Hungarians rebelled against the Austrian rule and almost won independence. Soon Hungary was restored to the Austrian Empire and after negotiating in 1867 the Ausgleich restored Hungary's independence and made Austria into a dual monarchy.
Italy
works cited:
https://www.pburgsd.net/cms/lib04/NJ01001118/Centricity/Domain/179/4-World%20History%20Industrialization%20and%20Nationalism%20Nationalism%2024.pdf
http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h49-bis3.htm
http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1848/section9/
https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution
Italian nationalists worked to unite their territories into nations. Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi failed to unite Italy permanently. Camillo de Cavour finally united Italy under Sardinia. Gradually the government became unified. Foreign intervention helped Italy in winning Rome. This became the capital in 1871.
Nationalism