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Do the economic benefits of living near a volcano outweigh the dangers?

By Sophie Gadsdon

Conclusion

  • Globally there are many economic benefits of living near a volcano, such as providing jobs, community income and global income.
  • Nonetheless, most of these benefits are global and the local communities are suffering. Local communities face greater risk of the dangers involved than other countries do.
  • Overall, I think the economic benefits do outweigh the dangers in most cases, however, more needs to be done to improve greater management of these dangers.

Benefits: Other Uses

  • Good for agriculture - high soil fertility
  • Previously used for building materials
  • Used for household cleaners and hand soaps

Benefits: Beauty Products

  • Volcanic ash clay is best known for its use in beauty products, also known as sodium bentonite clay.
  • Used for healing both internal and external illnesses.
  • The forms it can be provided in:
  • Externally - skin cream, skin maks, muds, skin exfoliators and cosmetics, hair care products.
  • Internally - water soluble powder, liquid, tablets.

Benefits: Tourism

Implications: Risk of Eruptions and loss of life

Example: Eyjafjallajökull 2010

  • People are attracted to geothermal/volcanic areas due to the excitement and unpredictability these landforms.
  • Many areas take advantage of their location and set up different attractions to enable tourists to have the chance to experience it in a more extreme way.

  • E.g Yellowstone and Iceland.

Major economic impacts -

  • Damages to infrastructure
  • 100,000 flights cancelled over 8 days
  • Sporting events cancelled
  • Agricultural loss
  • Local water supplies

contaminated with fluoride

  • Total loss of £80 million.

Benefits: Mining

Implications: Dangerous working environment

  • However, there are factors which control the economic viability of ore deposits.

  • Examples where volcanic mining provides minerals in abundance:
  • Indonesia - Kawah Ljen
  • Colombia - Galeras Volcanoes
  • Papua New Guinea -
  • Undersea Volcanoes
  • Indonesia Example - up to 12 hour days in toxic conditions, with barely any health and safety regulations.

Implications: Economic losses through damage

Benefits: Mining

  • Volcanic eruptions can trigger further natural hazards, such as earthquakes, fast floods, mud slides and rock falls, which all cause great damag to communities.
  • The economic impact this has can often be too much to repair, especially for less developed countries.

Implications: Fall in tourism

Background -

  • Many different types of geological ore deposits can be mined in various parts of the world.
  • These are classified into metallic, non-metallic and fossil fuel deposits.
  • These form through the magma under hydromagmatic settings, where the water flushes through and draws the metals out, creating the metal ores.
  • The 'precious' minerals that are in solution within the magma are too low to be mined unless the magma hardens.
  • It is the process of smelting which allows these to be mined in higher concentration.
  • Areas which have worked hard to maintain a tourist industry in a volcanic area can suffer following an eruption.
  • Often damage to community.
  • Tourists may feel nervous to return.

Key Questions:

Types of Volcanic Setting:

1.) Why types of economic benefits do volcanoes provide?

  • Mining
  • Tourism
  • Beauty Products
  • Other Uses

2.) What are the dangers associated with living/working within a volcanic area?

  • Risk of Eruptions and loss of life
  • Dangerous working environment
  • Economic losses through damage
  • Loss of tourism

3.) Do these economic benefits provided prove that the utilization of volcanoes for economic benefit is worth the potential risk?

Types of Volcanic Eruption:

Effusive Eruption - "a type of volcanic eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a volcano onto the ground"

Explosive Eruption - "magma is torn apart as it rises and reaches the surface in pieces known as pyroclasts"

"Mafic" - used to describe silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which are relatively high in the heavier elements.

"Felsic" - used to describe silicate materials, magmas, and rock which have a lower percentage of the heavier elements.

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