James Dean & Marlon Brando: Rebelling Against Conformity

ㅓJames Dean, Marlon Brando

Rebelling against

Conformism

James Dean

Marlon Brando

1. Brief Background

"East of Eden"

"A Rebel Without a Cause"

"Giant"

Brief Background

Marlon Brando in "The Godfather"

Dean's acting in the clip may seem normal in terms of today's standards, but why was this considered "rebellious" or "non-conformist" at his time?

- Dean wasn't a prominent actor because of his skills in acting

- The more important reason was because of his new style that no other actor had represented before

- This style was a rebellious, non-conformist acting style that later tied into his impact on America

- Dean was also among the first to receive an academy award nominee posthumously, one for "East of Eden" and one for "Giant" in 1955 and 1956

A Video of James Dean's performance in "A Rebel Without a Cause" as Jim Stark

- Throughout his career, Brando was known for being a self indulgent actor

- His self-indulgence is visible throughout the years, weighing well over 300 pounds in the mid 1990s

- His second wife Movita once put a lock around the refrigerator to refrain his eating habits, but Brando broke the lock and his wife found teeth marks on cheese the next day

Brando gaining weight throughout the years

Nevertheless, Marlon Brando was always one of the finest screen actors in history

Brando won 2 Oscar Awards, one for his performance in "The Godfather," and another for his performance in "On the Waterfront."

- Unlike James Dean, Marlon Brando was not only known for being an icon, but he was known for his acting skills as well

- Specifically, Marlon Brando was known as one of the best actors to adopt method acting in the film industry, what he had gained during his time with Stella Adler

- Method Acting is a type of acting where the actor or actress completely identifies with a character, from dialogue to all emotions

- "A Streetcar Named Desire" showed one of Marlon Brando's best method acting skills, which was one of the reasons why Brando and his movie was so praised

A brief clip of Brando's acting from his movie, "A Streetcar Named Desire"

- Marlon Brando was born April 3, 1924 in Omaha, Nebraska, grew up in Illinois, and died in July 1, 2004.

- Brando moved to New York to receive acting lessons from his coach Stella Adler, who is known for influencing Brando in much of his early years

- Brando's career faced many ups and downs

- His height sparked from his movie "A Streetcar Named Desire" and faced many downs than ups until his performance in "The Godfather"

- Some of his other prominent films include: "The Wild One", "Apocalypse Now", and "On the Waterfront"

Marlon Brando's performance in "On the Waterfront," 1954

Marlon Brando

"The Wild One"

"The Godfather"

"A Streetcar Named Desire"

James Dean was an actor during the 1950s with a total of 3 movies, "Giant", "East of Eden", and his most famous, "Rebel Without a Cause."

- James Dean was born in 1931 in Indiana and surprisingly died in 1955 at the age of 24 due to a car crash

- James Dean grew up in Santa Monica, California but as his mother died of cancer he moved back to Indiana to live with his aunt and uncle

- Dean sought counsel from his pastor, Rev. James DeWeerd, who influenced Dean's interest in automotive racing and theater

- Dean attended University of California, Los Angeles, and majored in theater

- He released only 1 movie, "East of Eden", before his death and both "A Rebel Without a Cause" and "Giant" were released posthumously

-This was part of the reason why his popularity grew tremendously after his death

- Dean was not known for his acting skills, but more for being a "cultural icon"

- "If a man can bridge the gap between life and death, if he can live on after he's dead, then maybe he was a great man."

- Dean lived on for years and still does even after he has died

james dean

Marlon Brando was a prominent actor during the 50s with many famous movies starring himself. He had more than 45 movies total during his career.

Marlon Brando in "The Wild One"

James Dean

James Dean and his car

- James Dean was also known for his automotive interests, as he loved racing fast cars

- Racing and driving was one of his biggest hobbies

- Ironically, he died of a car crash on September 30, 1955, at a very young age

James Dean behind the wheel of a sports car

James dean's Porsche Spyder crashed

- The 50s also faced a change in the work place

- The notion of "white collared" workers increased

- "White collared" implied men who wore white shirts and with ties

- The term was used to represent men who had office jobs, as opposed to the term "blue collared" which implied labor jobs

- The norm for white males was to have an office job, where every one looked virtually identical

- This was another big example of conformity rising

Short video on white white males' preferred jobs and the movie "The Man in the Gray flannel suit, highlighting this change in the 50s

2. The Era before they came

- It was the Eisenhower-Ben Gurion era

- A time when young people were expected to respect their elders and obey their rules

- It was the era after the second world war where there was a conformist society

- People were expected to be the same as everyone around them

- Everyone followed group norms: women in the kitchen and men who worked

- The American society was almost entirely based on conformity

- The youth were always known to obey the elders and parents

An image representing conformity in the workplace

- The youth impacted by Dean desired rebellion, confrontation, and defiance of authority

- Dean attacked the moral conventions and this teaching to the youth was a major catalyst to the counterculture movement in the 60s

- Thousands of fans throughout the world still honor the memorial and route that Dean took

- Posters, paintings, and references to him are still present

The James Dean statue at Griffith Park Observatory, Los Angeles

What made Dean such an icon?

- James Dean was such an icon because he was disobedient, young, iconoclastic, and non-conformist, everything that was not the norm during the 50s

- He showed an image that was so new for his era, which turned him into an icon of the 50s

- He was the first teenage rebel, and for this reason for young, coming of age people, Dean was easy to identify with: an outsider, a loner, the antithesis of every expected well behaved youth

- Dean’s messages of being a rebel and going against conservative ideas was major in single handedly causing a big rift between the youth of America and their parents, which was unheard of before the war

"Since I'm only 24 years old, guess I have as good an insight into this rising generation as any other young man my age ... Therefore, when I do play a youth, such as in Warner Bros. Rebel Without A Cause, I try to imitate life. The picture deals with the problems of modern youth ... But you can't show some far off idyllic conception of behavior if you want the kids to come and see the picture. You've got to show what it's really like, and try to reach them on their own grounds. You know, a lot of times an older boy, one of the fellows the young ones idolize, can go back to the high school kids and tell them, "Look what happened to me! Why be a punk and get in trouble with the law?Why do these senseless things just for a thrill?" I hope "Rebel Without A Cause" will do something like that. I hope it will remind them that other people have feelings. Perhaps they will say, "What do we need all that for?"If a picture is psychologically motivated, if there is truth in the relationship in it, then I think that picture will do good.

I firmly believe Rebel Without A Cause is such a picture."

- James Dean at a press conference for "Rebel Without a Cause"

What made Brando such an icon?

- Jim Stark in the movie was an underage drunk, disrespectful to authority figures, something that was unheard of during the 50s

- In the movie, he smoked, raced cars, and stormed out of the house whenever he wanted to, disregarded respect to parents or elders

- The people liked him so much because of this. He was a bad boy teenager that no one had seen before, and it turned him into an instant icon

- "A Rebel Without a Cause" with James Dean brought out the teenage or youth rebellion in the 50s that was later seen to be counterculture in the 60s

Dean's performance as Jim Stark in "A Rebel Without a Cause," showing the rebellious attitude of him

Marlon Brando's scene in "A Streetcar Named Desire" shows one example of an "anticipated explosion"

- Among his movies, "A Rebel Without a Cause" had the most substantial impact in bringing his iconic status

- "A Rebel Without a Cause" portrayed the rebelliousness of adolescence, and even in public he was rude and surly. For this reason, he was appealed by the youth of America

- Dean played a misunderstood and insubordinate youth highlighting rebellion in the movie - A MAJOR impact for the youth movement and James Dean’s impact on the America

- A Rebel Without a Cause had great impact on society due to its content and Dean’s representation, especially by breaking social barriers regarding teenage upbringing

An image depicting conformity

James Dean came at a conformist time, as a rebel who had taken Hollywood by chaos and did what he pleased

James Dean and Marlon Brando's acting may look normal for today's standards, but why was this considered "rebellious" or "non-conformist" for both of them in the 50s?

Brando was the one of the first postwar symbol of youth rebellion and the first male sex symbol along with James Dean.

- Marlon Brando's new, unique, and skillful acting with emotions was one of biggest reasons why he became such a huge icon

- Brando was best at building his character from within, and showing slight hints of emotions in order to do so

- He was skilled at withholding emotions until the precise moment in time to release them

- This was called "anticipated explosion," and was considered one of "the facets of Brando's persona." - JMathews, NY Daily News

- Marlon Brando was not only an icon because of his skills in acting, but like James Dean, he adopted the "bad boy" look during the conformist era.

- People wanted a rebellious and young image, and Marlon Brando came at that time

- His portrayal of a rebellious youth especially in his earlier movies brought him to an iconic status in American culture.

- Marlon Brando is considered as simply one of the greatest actors of all time.

- His acting skills were widely acclaimed from the American people and movie critics

- He was not the first method actor, or the first actor to put emphasis on emotions, but "nobody had ever blown a set apart projecting them like he did" - JMathews, NY Daily News ㅑㅜ

Stella Adler, the teacher of Marlon Brando's method acting

The famous "I coulda been a contender" scene from Marlon Brando

“Dean died at just the right time. He left behind a legend. If he had lived, he'd never have been able to live up to his publicity.” - Humphrey Bogart

A short clip of Brando in "The Wild One

- Dean’s untimely death also brought him up to the popularity he earned

- The James Dean Effect was also founded, “the belief that a wonderful life that ends abruptly near the moment of peak fulfillment is actually more desirable than an equally wonderful life that has additional mildly pleasant years.” - Oliver Libaw, abcnews.com

- The idea of being a “teenager” was first introduced after his death

Newspaper publised in 1953 on Levittown

- Levittown was easily one of the biggest examples of conformity

- William Levitt created Levittown as a solution to the growing demand for houses in the 50s

- He used potato farms to create houses that were built unbelievably fast from the mass production method used by Henry Ford

- As a result, the residents of Levittown were all identical; the same families, same houses

- The norm was to be like everyone else around you, that created a sense of community as suburbia

The people had the same customs in levittown

Levittown

- Among his movies, "The Wild One" represented the most rebellious image of himself.

- His attitude and appearance in the movie showed a sense of youth uprising in a conformist time

- It brought him to an iconic state as he impacted so much of the teenage population through his portrayal of Johnny Strabler, a non-conformist representation of a youth

- Levittown first initiated the notion of an American suburb

- Levittown also had schools and other amenities for the residents

- Levittown was a model of conformity: your neighbors were the same as you in the same house

- Almost every family was same as every other family

- Another impact on conformity during the 50s was the television.

- Everyone wanted it and it became a normal product for almost all families

A family in front of a television during the 1950s

Video advertisement on Levittown in the 50s

James Dean's memorials on the California state route 46

Levittown from an aerial view

A Famous picture of Marlon Brando in his biker gang from the movie "The Wild One"

The opening scene of "The Godfather," an example of Brando building character with emotion

" All of us were touched by Jimmy,

and he was touched by greatness."

- Natalie Wood -

Natalie Wood, Actress

Martin Sheen, Actor

Bob Dylan, Singer

"Jim Dean and Elvis were the spokesman for an entire generation. When I was in acting school in New York, years ago, there was a saying that if Marlon Brando changed the way people acted, then James dean changed the way people lived. He was the greatest actor who ever lived. He was simply a genius." - Martin Sheen

- Ryan Gosling claims that he had been influenced by Marlon Brando

- He told the Daily Beast, "You can't help but be affected by him...I think all of us are"

- Marlon Brando influenced many actors who came during and after his time in the movie industry.

- "You see his influence in almost every movie, in ways both subtle and ham-fisted, and in actors who may or may not know where it came from. It's safe to say Brando has affected almost every actor who's followed him." - JMathews, NY Daily News

-"Every recent generation of thespians has had its gang of Brando acolytes. Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro and Al Pacino were among the first. Sean Penn, Johnny Depp, and Daniel Day Lewis followed them." - Gina Piccalo

Marlon Brando

Ryan Gosling

- "He was like a godfather to many young actors worldwide but particularly in this country. He had enormous positive influence on younger performers. His memory will live on forever." - Actor Robert Duvall

- "People always ask me who was the most influential guy to us young guys back then. Anyone who doesn't tell you Brando was the man, they're lying. He influenced more young actors of my generation than any actor. Anyone who denies it never understood what it was all about. I loved him." - Actor James Caan

- "I'm angry at Marlon because he does everything so easily. I have to break my ass to do what he can do with his eyes closed." - Paul Newman

- "With my generation, it was always Marlon Brando and always will be Brando." - Jack Nicholson

- Jack Nicholson was a great admirer of Marlon Brando. He wrote an article for the Rolling Stones in 2004 dedicated to Brando

Marlon Brando's reach to others

Dean had great impact to other actors, musicians, and writers during and after his time. Many prominent figures claim to have being impacted by James Dean, and many others claim to have been thoroughly impressed by the young actor.

“Over the years, an impressive list of actors and performers have claimed to have been influenced by him: Bob Dylan, Al Pacino, Martin Sheen, Michael Parks, the late Jim Morrison, poet and lead singer for the Doors, who lived fast and died hard, just like one of his heroes, James Dean.” - Ron Martinetti, American Legends

- "I am part of the first generation that idolized Marlon Brando, but far from the last. I was in high school back in the Fifties when he came into the game, and I watched him change the rules. When I was growing up in New Jersey, one of my summer jobs was working as an assistant manager of a local movie theater. I must have seen every performance of On the Waterfront – twice a night. You just couldn't take your eyes off the guy. He was spellbinding" - Jack Nicholson on "Remembering Marlon Brando", Rolling Stones

- "Even before I thought about acting, he influenced me strongly. Today it's hard for people who weren't there to realize the impact that Brando had on an audience – never mind on actors, because he's always been the patron saint of actors." - Jack Nicholson

Jack Nicholson

James Dean to others

“He was so real. My attention was riveted. He was speaking the language [of the hipster] so authentically, I couldn't believe he was an actor...I couldn't believe he was an actor! The result was electrifying.” - Steve Allen

“Actually, the person I related to was James Dean. I grew up with the Dean thing. Rebel Without a Cause had a very powerful effect on me”

- Al Pacino

Steve Allen,

Television Host

Al Pacino, Actor

"[Stuart Sutcliffe] was really our leader, and he was really into the James Dean thing. He idolized him. Stuart died young before we made the big time, but I suppose you could say that without Jimmy Dean, The Beatles would have never existed.”

- John Lennon, Singer

Dennis Hopper,

Actor

"My life was confused and disoriented for years by his passing. My sense of destiny destroyed - the great films he would have directed, the great performances he would have given, the great humanitarian he would have become, and yet, he's the greatest actor and star I have ever known."

- Dennis Hopper

Stewart Stern, Scriptwriter for "A Rebel Without a Cause"

"He seemed to capture that moment of youth, that moment where we're all desperately seeking to find ourselves.”

- Dennis Hopper, Actor

“They walked as he walked. They played the parts they saw him play. They searched for answers they thought he was searching for. Some found a kinship they had never known before.”

- Stewart Stern, Scriptwriter for "A Rebel Without a Cause"

John Lennon

Jim Morrison, Singer

How did Marlon Brando and James Dean impact American Culture as a whole?

(the white line separates the two bubbles in the frame)

"I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of the night."

- Allen Ginsberg, Howl

"Howl"

- Along with Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg was another prominent figure of the Beat Generation or the beatniks

- He used poems to show his defiance of conventional writing styles and the conventional norms of society as a whole

- His poem "Howl" had a very similar effect as Jack Kerouac's "On the Road" as it was essentially a scathing critique of the modern, mechanized society of America in the 50s

- The police charged "Howl" for obscenity, but Ginsberg won national acclaim by a following successful court challenge

Allen Ginsberg was frequently seen at Marijuana Rallies

noun | beat·nik | \bēt-nik\

A photo of Allen Ginsberg reciting his poem

The Beatniks

The Impact on Americans' Daily Lives

- Jack Kerouac was a writer born on March 12, 1922

- He did not reach success until his book, "On the Road" was published

- Kerouac used his cross country trips in America as an inspiration to write the book

- He had a desire for the American people to become wild, different, and free

Jack Kerouac

- "On the Road" contained language and words that were unprecedented in the history of English Literature

- It seemed strange and new to the people at this time

- The book was literally written in a style of "beat" as it contained elements of jazz within its lines

- The book inspired American culture towards the beat generation greatly, as it contained a lot of jazz, sex, and drugs

- "On the Road" was later known to be the defining work of the Beat Generation.

- The book lacked accepted punctuation and and paragraph structure as well, another aspect that glorifies the "free" life

1. a person who participated in a social movement of the 1950s and early 1960s which stressed artistic self-expression and the rejection of the mores of conventional society;

2. a young person in the 1950s and early 1960s belonging to a subculture associated with the beat generation.

2. broadly : a usually young and artistic person who rejects the mores of conventional society

- Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg were two of the most important contributors of the Beat Generation

- Kerouac's book "On the Road" first introduced the idea of going against social conventions and contributed greatly to spreading notion of the beatniks

- Allen Ginsberg's poems also had a similar effect and aided in sparking a rise for the beat generation

- The work of these two people influenced a huge amount of American culture during the 50s, including music, film, and other literature

- The beatniks frequently used jazz music as a motive for their work

- The Beat Generation started as a group of bohemian artists in the communities of San Francisco

- It was first only a literary movement started by them that influenced the 50s American culture as a whole

- The beat generation expressed alienation from conventional or "square" society by developing the usage of non-conformist notions and ideas

- A word often associated with the Beat Generation was "rebellious"

- The members of the Beat Generation called themselves the "beatniks"

- They expressed their alienation from social norms and conventions through many ways

- They adopted a uniform style of seedy dress, manners, and vocabulary that they derived from jazz musicians

- They were generally indifferent to social problems, and the beatniks advocated personal release, purification, and illumination through sensory joys (sex, drugs, jazz)

- The beat generation called for freedom and joy in the lives of American people as opposed to the conformist era during the time

A movie based on the Beatniks during the 50s

A series of newspapers published on July 3rd, 2004 after Marlon Brando's death

"Leading the pack were Marlon Brando and James Dean, actors who reeked anger, sexuality, and (of course) contempt for their elders. Brando produced a number of strong characters throughout his early career in the fitfties ... Dean, in a flash of just three movies, who created for posterity the movie character of the sullen, rebellious, sex teenage punk."

- Gary Donaldson, "Modern America: A Documentary History of the Nation since 1945

- Marlon Brando and James Dean defined the rise of teen culture

- The daily lives of Americans were impacted by the two actors in various ways

- For the youth, they wanted to become like the two. The American teenagers found Marlon Brando and James Dean's rebelliousness to be appealing

"What is that feeling when you're driving away from people and they recede on the plain till you see their specks dispersing? - it's the too-huge world vaulting us, and it's good-bye. But we lean forward to the next crazy venture beneath the skies."

- Jack Kerouac, On the Road

- Post-war America was filled with conformity

- Everyone wanted to be like everyone else

- People like Marlon Brando, James Dean, Elvis Presley, and the beatniks broke the conformity

- In the conformist era, Brando and Dean came along with many icons at just the right time

- It changed the daily lives of many Americans

Men wanted to be like them, women wanted to be with them

- The Americans were impacted in a way that they wanted to emulate the two actors for their rebelliousness

-Dean and Brando impacted fashion as well; jeans, leather jackets, t-shirts, fast cars & motorcycles, and even hairstyles changed after the two came

- The stereotype of good girls dating bad boys was founded primarily by the two

- The term of an adolescent "teenager" was also founded by the two

- Rebellion was unheard of before the two came

- James Dean and Marlon Brando's impact on American daily lives was often controversial

- Their impact on the youth was seen as positive as it inspired a new change in culture (non-conformity, rebellion, beat)

- However, it is often noted that the elders did not see the two to have a positive impact as the two went against conventions

Reflecting wants, wishes, fears, and desires

- The young, teen Americans wanted rebellion and something that was new and different just like the beats suggested

- They were essentially the perfect image the youth wanted

- The American people looked up to the two "bad teen" images and saw it as something that was good not bad

- They wanted to become rebellious like Dean and Brando

- For this reason, so much of the culture that the American people showed during the 50s was not formed just because of the beatniks, but because icons like Elvis Presley, Jackson Pollock, James Dean and Marlon Brando combined influenced them directly

- The change Brando and Dean had on the Americans inspired them to break conventions, which shaped what American culture was in the 50s and 60s

More than 3000 people came to honor James Dean on his funeral. His legacy still remains in our culture now, even being mentioned in songs by famous singers

Marlon Brando visits James Dean on the set of "East of Eden"

- Elvis Presley was born on January 8, 1935 and died on August 16, 1977

- Elvis grew up in Tennessee, and was close to the influence of black culture ever since childhood

- He was strongly influenced by Black Blues-men in the neighborhood

- Later as he became a singer, Elvis popularized black music in the form of Rock and Roll

- His performances demonstrated that there were white audiences for black music

- Elvis was a huge part of the social revolution in the 50s regarding conformity and the spreading of the beats

Elvis Presley

Elvis Presley's childhood home in Tennessee

- Elvis Presley showed the impact of the beatniks in music

- His music was criticized by many at first, just like Jackson Pollock's artworks and Jack Kerouac's work

- His music was different, wild, and new during the 50s

- It had similar notions with those from the beatniks. The style of Elvis's songs was so unconventional that he grew to a godlike state for especially teenagers during the 50s

Elvis Presley's performance of "Blue Suede Shoes"

- Jackson Pollock was born on January 28, 1912 and died on August 11, 1956

- He is considered one of the greatest abstract artists

- Pollock's art was considered different and strange to many, and was criticized frequently, just like Jack Kerouac's "On the Road"

- Jackson Pollock's art was one of the biggest representations of the beats in art culture

- He was also a frequent collaborator with the beats as an abstract artist

One of Pollock's most famous artworks, "Blue Poles"

Jackson Pollock using his drip painting technique

- The Beatniks not only impacted literature during 1950s America

- Through representations of their ideas, the Beatniks impacted almost every form of culture during the 1950s

- This includes everything from art, music, to the movies

- Hints and notions that are derived from the beatniks was seen in various places during the 50s

"Dream as if you'll live forever.

Live as if you'll die today."

- James Dean -

"If you want something from an audience, you give blood to their fantasies. It's the ultimate hustle."

- Marlon Brando -

- The Beat Generation reached the movie industry as well, bringing impact of the beats to many movies

- James Dean, Marlon Brando, and Marilyn Monroe were some of the greatest actors who played roles in movies that showed the notion of the beats

- The behavior, the way they talked, and even the way they dressed was inspired by the Beat Generation ideology of being different, non-conformist, and free. For this reason, it is often noted that James Dean and Marlon Brando were connected to not only the beats, but to Elvis Presley, Jackson Pollock, Marilyn Monroe, and many other icons of his time

- James Dean and Marlon Brando were especially considered to be the two greatest Beat-related film actors

- The two played a huge role in spreading the Beat Generation through American Culture during the 50s

- The American people were impacted with the beatniks' idea of being non-conformist through Dean and Brando in cinema. It made the idea of rejecting conventions popular

- Dean and Brando showed the same idea Pollock had in art and Presley had in Rock and Roll in the movie industry

Thank You

- An interesting fact is that James Dean could very easily be identified with the main character from the book "The Catcher in the Rye" written by J.D. Salinger

- "The Catcher in the Rye" was a book published in 1951 that was among the lines of the beatniks' works

- The main character Holden Caulfield could easily be identified with James Dean

- Holden Caulfield is a rebellious teenager in the book who leaves private school of his own will

- He is the embodiment of teenage angst and rebellion, just like James Dean was in many different ways

"A Catcher in the Rye

by Steve Nam

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