The interrelationship between physical and mental health

Thank You!

The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Mental Health:

Exposing the Barriers

Thesis

Research studies reveal that physical activity and favorable socioeconomic status improves mental health. However, access to physical activity can be impeded by the primary barrier of socioeconomic status. In this presentation, we will explore and dissect the relationship between physical activity and mental health. In addition, we will expose how the themes of geographical location, ethnic background, and gender inequalities are barriers that fall under the primary barrier (socioeconomic status) which affects physical and mental health.

Structure

1. What is socioeconomic status?

2. Physical Activity and Mental Health

3.How Serious is the Problem of Mental Health within Families and Comunities?

4. Socioeconomic status and geographical location

5. Gender Inequalities and Socioeconomic Status

6. Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status

http://imgozcom.blogspot.ca/2015/11/world-map-images-gallery-2015-map-of.html

https://www.premedhq.com/race-and-ethnicity

http://www.playbuzz.com/stephanies15/what-is-your-gender-identity

We intend to reinforce and prove our argument by incorperating appropriate and valuable sources:

• Primarily academic
• concrete, statistical evidence
• Critical anaylsis of relevant sources
• Authors with pursuasive arguments

Our method argument intends to logically and unbiasly expose why are thesis is valid by means of prime sources and examples.

http://tnds.ca/mental-health-apps/

Gender Inequalities and

Socioeconomic Status

Gender inequalities indicate a strong socioeconomic gradient in health. Health statistics show that women's subjective health is worse than men in any age and socioeconomic group (U.S. Census Beareua 2006)

Conclusion

All themes of the relationship between mental health and physical activity connect to the biggest barrier, socioeconomic status

Low SES among women and its correlates, such as poverty, lower education and poor health for children and families, ultimately affect our society as a whole (Oncel, 2015)

Wage Inequality& Discrimination

• In the United States, men are paid more than women, even when they are at the same level of education and are in the same occupational field (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006).
• Gender equality has been promoted by the international development organizations (e.g., the World Bank) because it is positively associated with lower fertility and better health for women and children as well as with economic development (Barrett, 1995)

Many studies shown in this presentation make it clear that there is a positive outcome for mental health when living an active lfestyle

Mental health is a serious issue that causes counter issues to occur for citizens in different countries (economic problems with public health, etc)

Socioeconomic status and geographical location

How does socioeconomic status relate to socio-spatial segregation?

Inequality of socioeconomic status causes differences of accessibility to activities and therefore differences in mental health from one another

• Housing prices, proximity to certain infrastructure, and neighbourhood quality of specific areas will increase segregation of income classes (Bischoff, 2006)
• Residential segregation of families by socioeconomic stauts is a discrete measure of inequality and unequal dispersion (Osypuk, 2012)
• Segregation of socioeconomic classes has the greatest effect on children (adults will fluctuate in and out of the neighborhood more) (Bischoff, 2006)
• Income dissociation can lead to public amenity disparities (Bischoff, 2006)
• Schools
• Parks
• Recreation centres
• This unequal resource distribution will result in a decrease in accessibility to facilities
• Local tax base and community involvement will affect the maintenance of public institutions and facilities such as parks and playgrounds, and will ultimately affect the quality of these resources (Bischoff, 2006)
• Transit lines and location are often correlated with neighbourhood demographics, which have the potential to increase or decrease facility accessibility (Bischoff, 2006)

Ethnicity

Gender Inequalities & Health

What is socioeconomic status?

Minority ethnic and racial groups links to low socioeconomic status. Although racialized groups make up 25 per cent of the Ontario population, “racialized Canadians are three times more likely to live in poverty than other Canadians (19.8 per cent compared to 6.4 per cent” (Galabuzi, 2012). However, compared to white Caucasian adults, unemployment rates for African Americans adults are double (Rodgers, 2008).

Defining the primary barrier

• Increasing evidence supports the link between lower SES and negative psychological health outcomes for women (Groh, 2007)

• Gove and Hughes (1979) argue that certain social roles are related to poor mental health, which in turn is linked to mild physical illness, the primary type of morbidity experienced by women; when marital status, living arrangements, role activities are controlled, health differences between men and women disappear

Socioeconomic status (SES) is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation. (Kent. M, 2007)

How Serious is the Problem of Mental Health

within Families and Comunities?

Why does socioeconomic status encompass the other themes?

Ethniciy and Socioeconomic status

Ethnicity and Physical Health

In 2012, approximately 11 million Canadians aged 15 years old and older reported having one or more immediate or extended family member with a mental health problem (Statistics Canada, 2012).Those with one or more family members with a mental health problem, more often reported significantly higher rates of daily stress and of having their own symptoms of a mental or substance disorder in the past 12 months compared with those who had no family members with a mental health problem (Statistics Canada, 2012).

Although the other themes are valuable individually, they are collectively rooted and catalyzed by socioeconomic status because of how modern day society functions.

• Lower income pregnant women receive less prenatal care, experience higher levels of stress and are more likely to deliver premature babies (Goodman, 2007)

• Women have or at least appear to have higher rates of physical illness (great incidence and number of acute conditions, more restricted activity- including both bed disability and the simple non-performance of one’s primary activities- more physician visits, and more discharges from short stay hospital visits (Groh, 2007)

Due to the lower rates of education, ethnic minorities are frequently blue collared workers- a term referring to a working class individual who performs manual labour.

By exploring the determinents of physical activity and exercise, Disman (1985) found that “Blue-collar workers are less likely to engage in either leisure or supervised exercise” (p.8)

The reason why Ethnic minorities obtain insufficient physical activity can be explained by the amount of time spent watching television. Non-Hispanic black spend a larger proportion of time watching television: 20.4 hours per week compared to 13.1 of non-Hispanic whites (Larsen et,al, 1999, 301–306). The information presented demonstrates how ethnicity correlates with the level of physical health.

• Dr. Thomas Frieden's pyramid that displays the significant factors that affect overall public health

Selected Characteristics of Canadians Aged 15 or Older by number of family members with a mental health problem, 2012

Ethnic minorities are likely to live at or below the poverty line. This limits their ability to living in an environment with access to exercise facilities and programs, or an overall active environment that is necessary to maintain an exercise routine.

The amount of time dedicated to physical activity varies significantly according ethnic group: “Inactivity was highest for Hispanic black males (48.3%) and females (40.3%) and Asian males (45.3%) and lowest for non-Hispanic white (21.7%) and Hispanic females (27.7%)” (Larsen, 1999, 301-306).

In the labour market, geographical variation causes Inequalities such as occupation type, job stability and income level (Catney & Sabater, 2015). Minority ethnicities are often situated in urban areas. For example, many African groups and Pakistani ethnicities live in London and the North west of England, both areas contain concentrated pockets of unemployment.

Physical Activity and Mental Health

Mental Health creates serious issues in the community as well by:

-Increasing the burden on national economies and impeding international public health efforts (Unite for Sight, n.d., para. 9).

Mental illnesses are also associated with increased risk of non-adherence to medical regimens for other health conditions

The Province of Alberta (2010) cites mental health benefits as a reason to live actively on their health website. They direct users to the Mind Guide to Physical Activity (Grant 2004) which provides detailed suggestions for how much and what kind of physical activity is suitable for different people.

A review of several articles about the relationship between physical activity and mental health in young people by Biddle and Asare (2011) found positive links between physical activity and many aspects of mental health.

http://www.giftoflife.org/blog/post/2011/11/11/Ethnicity-Matters-Why-Having-a-Diverse-Donor-Pool-is-Important-in-Registry.aspx

Queen’s has several initiatives to promote physical activity for mental health. The “Thrive” program lists physical fitness as one of its pillars, and Queen’s Student Affairs Mental Health Initiatives lists the ARC’s many programs as a way to promote health and wellness.

Physical Activity and Mental Health

Exercise & Sports Science Australia (ESSA) is a professional organization designed to train individuals to become involved in exercise science. They identify and explain some of the ways exercise can improve ones health.

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/151007/dq151007b-eng.htm

http://www.exercise-physiology.com.au/blog/category/infographics

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