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The Cognitive theory focuses on individual’s attitudes, beliefs, how they process information, and their overall thought process.
Example: By thinking negative thoughts, we feel sad or angry. Positive thoughts translate to happy, and hopeful emotions.
The Cognitive Revolution was a scientific movement in the 1950's in response to the behaviorist approach. Psychologists began to realize that not everything could be explained through a person that was just being observed, and that distorted mental processes could be the cause for acting a certain way or for a developed disorder.
-Cognitive therapies are great for helping treat with depression and anxiety. It also helps treat underlying causes of mental disturbances.
-Defining this theory is difficult because the idea of thoughts is abstract.
Psychologist Steven Pinker highlighted the key ideas from the cognitive revolution:
-Born September 17 ,1913
-Pittsburgh Pennsylvania and raised in NY
-Parents emotionally distant
-Very shy
-Suffered with health problems as a child
-Died July 24, 2007
1. Over generalization- Believing that a situation will always end in a certain outcome when that outcome has only happened once.
2. Minimizing the positives– Overlooking the positives. Thinking they aren't a big deal.
3. Maximizing the negatives – Honing in on the negative, forgetting the positive.
Cognitive distortions are negative thoughts that can result in negative behavior, these are extensions of the 3 main dysfunctional beliefs. These are the 15 most common
12. Fallacy of change. Expecting other people to change to suit you, as if your happiness relied on them changing.
13. Global labeling. This is an extreme form of generalization. Comes in two forms, labeling and mislabeling. Labeling would be thinking of a person as a jerk after seeing them have a bad day. Mislabeling would be "Shes abandoning her kids to strangers every day." When in reality she's just dropping them off at daycare.
14. Always being right. Not willing to accept that they may be wrong, will fight and even hurt feelings rather than see another perspective.
15. Heavens reward fallacy. Doing good will bring good. Feeling like you deserve a reward for any good work.
4. Jumping to conclusion. This is where you believe something to be a fact without ever finding out the truth. You might know what they're feeling and their motivation for something.
5. Catastrophizing. This is part of the "magnifying or minimizing," making a huge deal about a tiny mistake or ignoring your achievements.
6. Personalization. Where you feel personally responsible and feels like everything anybody else does is a direct, personal reaction to you.
7. Control fallacies. Seeing yourself as controlled by some fate. "I can't help it if my work is bad my boss has short deadlines"
8. Fallacy of fairness. This is when you perceive something as fair and expect everybody else to agree, which isn't the case because life isn't "fair."
9. Blaming. Believing that another person made you feel bad, holding them responsible for your pain. You are responsible and can control your own emotions, not other people.
10. Shoulds. This one is big. These are our expectation, you should do this, you should do that, or "I shouldn't be so lazy, I shouldn't waste my time like this." When it's directed toward ourselves it's felt as guilt, when it's toward other people its often hostility or frustration.
11. Emotional reasoning. What you believe about yourself is automatically true. If you think you're boring and whiney then you must be boring and whiney. I feel it so it must be true.
Situation One – Negative Perspective
A - Mary is walking down the street, and her friend Sarah walks right on by.
B – Mary thinks, “Oh Sarah is such a jerk.”
C – Next time, Mary ignores Sarah.
The “B” may or may not be true. Here is another possibility.
Situation Two – Positive Perspective
A - Mary is walking down the street, and her friend Sarah walks right on by.
B – Mary thinks, “Oh that Sarah, always distracted.”
C – Mary calls out, Sarah apologizes for missing her, and they go for coffee!
Beck believes that thoughts that come from perverse or distorted beliefs are the cause of certain disorders or behaviors. The majority of his work was about or was applied to depression. Later on he would use cognitive therapy to help with anxiety disorders.
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Cognitive Approaches
Anxiety: Misinterpretation of Bodily Sensations
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Caused by excessive thinking.
Mood Disorders: Negative thoughts and learned helplessness.
Irrational Beliefs and
Cognitive Distortions
Cognitive distortions- Negative thinking, resulting in a distorted mentality.
ex: Blaming others for your stress.
Irrational beliefs- Cause emotional disturbances.
ex: Thinking you're not tall enough, resulting in feelings of sadness.