GCSE PE - Skeletal System 2013

Presentation of Mind Maps (Plenary 1)

Potential Injuries

Hard and soft tissue injuries

There are minor & major risks of injury involved in all sports. There are less risks in sports where teams stay on there side of the net, like volleyball & badminton. The risks increase in contact sports where players invade the territory of the other team.

Injuries can also be classified as soft tissue or hard tissue injuries.

Using Mind Maps - Guidelines

Within 4’s present you mind maps to each other and share the ideas you have:

How have you remembered/represented key pieces of information?

Has your mind map followed the guidelines set? – peer assess

Dislocation – hard tissue injury

A dislocation occurs when a bone is pulled or twisted out of place at a joint.

Ensure they are clear

Make them colourful

Change the font size and type

Should include pictures/symbols

Remember this is to be stored in your memory

Write as few words as possible

When the shoulder is dislocated, the humerus is pulled out of the socket on the scapula.

The injured person is usually unable to move their arm, and the shoulder loses its rounded shape.

Mind Map – The Skeletal System

Soft tissue Injury

Hard tissue injuries are bone injuries.

Soft tissue injuries involve damage to

skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments or cartilage.

Dislocations are very painful. They require hospital treatment to move the bone back into position.

The ligaments and tissue around the joint can take a long time to recover.

Common injuries where the small muscle fibres are torn away from their attachment to a tendon

Can be caused by a sudden overstretch or an extra muscular effort by the performer

Can be treated by the RICE principle.

Produce a mind map with 4 branches containing the following information:

* Functions of the SS

* Range of movement at joints

* Long term effects on the Skeletal System

* Injuries, first aid and Diet (not today)

R.I.C.E principle

Group Work - Presentation

Rest – stop playing

Ice – apply or use cold pack

Compression – apply to injury site

Elevate the injury

Fractures

What is weight bearing exercise? Give examples

What is non-weight bearing exercise? Give examples.

For both:

Give advantages and disadvantages of doing each type of exercise.

EXTENSION

What are the effects of young children doing weight bearing exercises?

Fractures can be open (compound) or closed (simple).

A simple or closed fracture means that the bone is cracked but the skin is not broken.

A compound or open fracture means that the skin is broken and the bone is sticking out.

Questions – Independent learning

Signs of fractures

Open fractures are more serious. They usually involve blood loss.

Noise of bone as it breaks

Pain at the injury site

Inability to move it

Swelling with bruising later

Deforming at the point of break

What happens to bone density, ligaments and tendons during exercise? (long term)

Would the range of movement at a joint increase/decrease? Explain your answer.

What is osteoporosis? How can this be avoided?

ALL ANSWERS MUST BE IN YOUR OWN WORDS!

EXTENSION:

How might eating disorders affect the skeleton? Explain your answer.

What do the following fall under

Sprain (strained muscle)

Strain

Blisters

Abrasions/Grazes

Deep Cuts

Dislocation

Fracture

Bruise

Regular exercise and long-term participation

Exercise has been shown to increase bone density and strength.

Stronger, denser bones are better

at carrying weight and more resistant to injury.

Increased flexibilty of the joints

Strengthening tendons, ligament and stabilising joinys

Task – pg.214 - 218

• Make notes on different kind of fractures listed below & each with a diagram, highlighting what type of sporting occasions might result in the above fractures?

Greenstick fracture

Compound/Open fracture

Closed/Simple fracture

Stress fracture

• Explain the following strains, sprains and dislocations. You need to explain if they are either hard or soft tissue injuries and which you would use the RICE principle of treatment for.

• Research an injury by a professional athlete and explain the circumstances.

Immediate and short-term effects

Exercising in the right way increases bone size and strength. Resistance and weight bearing exercise is essential for bone health.

Aerobic work including walking, jogging (but not swimming and cycling) and weighting lifting decrease and even prevent bone lose/decay.

Facts about bones

Ossification

Bones continue to grow and strengthen until about the age of 18.

They stop growing in length after this age but continue to increase in density.

They deteriorate from about the age of 35.

Keywords

Weight bearing

Long term effects

Osteoporosis

Hard and soft tissue injuries

How bones help the Sportsperson

Bones linked with sporting movements

Bones have different uses depending on where they are in the body.

The vertebrae acts as a shock absorber when players land on their feet.

Long bones create a leverage when playing sport

Short bones for specialist movements – such as bowling

Flat bones are tough & can withstand hard impact

Whenever sports person is action, they are relying on their skeleton to play a supporting role in their performance.

Whatever a sportsperson does, bones are there, helping them move efficiently

The vertebral column

Effects of exercise and potential injuries

It is made up of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae.

Between each vertebra there is a pad of cartilage which allows movement and prevents friction.

The vertebrae protects the spinal cord.

The vertebral column is

divided into 5 sections. (see diagram)

Aim

To recognise the immediate and long-term effects and to identify potential injuries.

Individual Learning Outcomes (ILO’s)

To describe and explain the main effects of exercise on the Skeletal System, and to recognise the importance of weight bearing exercise.

Be able to recognise major and minor injuries.

Classification of bones

Bones are divided into a number of different categories.

Joints of the body - Introduction

Long bones

Flat bones perform a number of functions.

carpals

Short bones are very light, small and very strong.

The carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the foot are examples of short bones.

Task/homework

Irregular bones are specially shaped to perform a particular function.

Examples include the patella and the vertebrae.

Protection for delicate areas. i.e. the cranium protects the brain.

2. Provides an area for muscle attachment. i.e. muscles in the back attach to the pelvis.

Joints are found where two or more bones meet. Not all joints provide movement. Bones that work together to provide movement are joined by ligaments

Joints can be divided into 3 main groups

Long bones have a long shaft and are responsible for a lot of movement and often act as levers.

Long bones include the femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, the metatarsals, metacarpals and phalanges.

They usually have a large surface area.

With the following questions you must ensure you identify which bones go into and make up the different joints.

• Explain how the ball and socket joint helps a tennis player
• Explain how the Pivot joint helps a swimmer breath
• Explain how the ball and socket joint helps a football
• Finally workout which joints are involved in the following sporting actions and what bone make up the joints;

Long jumper taking off,

Players in a rugby scrum,

Badminton player playing a smash shot,

A gymnast on the rings,

A swimmer taking off from the starting

How does this aid sportspeople in an event?

How does this aid sportspeople?

How does this aid sportspeople in an event?

How good is my commitment to learning? (attitude)

Classification of bones

Aim

To link skeletal bones to the different bone classifications

ILO's

• Describe and explain the classification of bones.
• To be able to label and understand the workings of the Vertebral column.

Pivot Joint

Vertebral Column

3 groups of joints

Fits into a ring or notch on the other bone

Only allows rotation

Eg – Joint in the neck (between the atlas & axis)

Supports body parts, lets us bend, twist and is used as a lever, it also protects the spinal cord

It also consists of 33 bones or (vertebrae)

Fixed joints – no movement

Slightly movable joints – limited movement

Synovial joints/freely movable – free movement

Key terms

Connector......

8

3

2

9

Synovial Joints

4

10

Blood Cell Production

5

Red and white blood cells are made in red bone marrow which is found at the ends of the femur and humerus and in the ribs, sternum, pelvis and vertebrae.

1

6

11

• Synovial joint
• Ball and socket
• Hinge
• Pivot

7

Femur:

Located in the upper part of the leg.

Humerus:

Located in the upper

part of the arm.

12

Allows a wide range of movement - referred to as freely movable

Contained in a capsule to help protect & lubricate the moving parts of the joint

They are used in nearly every sporting action

Starter.........

Functions of the skeletal system

Red Bone

Marrow

Skeleton is also…..

Made up of the CRANIUM and RIBS as well as the VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine)

Function of the skeletal system

Protection

Movement

Support

Shape

Blood production

Question – how does this help with a sport)

Carry out domino's game with partner on bones of the body.

Verbally answer:

What is the skeleton?

What are the functions of the skeleton?

*Can you give one physical sporting action for each movement?

Aim

To recognise how the skeletal system aides sports performance.

ILO's

• Describe and explain the different functions of the skeletal system.

• To be able to explain which different bones help with certain skeletal functions.

Hinge Joint

Scapula (shoulder blade)

HAND

Vertebral column (spine)

Carpals

Metacarpals

Ball & Socket Joint

FOOT

Joints of skeletal system

Works like a hinge door

Bone wings backwards and forwards

Opens till straight

Eg – Elbow joint, knee joint

Parts of the Synovial Joint – knee joint

Tarsals

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Aim

To recognise the different joint of the skeletal system.

Individual Learning Outcomes (ILO’s)

• To describe and explain the 3 different synovial joints
• Be able to know identify different sporting action with regard to joint action.

Bone – Mainly Epiphysis of the long bone

Ligaments – Connect bone to bone. Very strong, stops bones dislocating by restricting movement

Cartilage – covered in hyaline cartilage, function to stop bone jarring and scraping

Synovial Fluid – liquid that fills the cavity joint. Helps reduce friction as bone moves

Most movable joint in the body

Ligaments are used to keep it stable

Can turn in many directions

Eg – Hip joint, Shoulder joint

Skeletal System

Question….

‘What do you think the Skeleton does?’

Bone names

Introduction

Cranium

Synovial joints of the body

Clavicle

The Skeleton is a framework on which our body is built, but it is much more than that.

4 bone facts……

Sternum

Ribs

Humerus

Pelvis

Radius

We’re going to split the skeleton into three sections;

Ulna

Body

Task

Arm

• Bone are alive
• They stop growing in length after 16-18 years old
• After about 35 years old, bones begin to deteriorate – weak / fracture
• We look after them by having balanced diet, exercise and avoiding alcohol and cigarettes

Patella (knee cap)

Movement at the joint

Femur

Tibia

Ball & Socket Joint

Hinge Joint

Pivot Joint

Fibula

Leg

1 - Complete worksheet on bones

2 - Pick four different sporting movements

3 - Comment upon what functions the skeleton is carrying out to perform the action

4 - Explain which bones are allowing the movement to take place

Aim

To recognise the ranges of movement possible at a hinge, pivot and ball and socket joint.

Individual Learning Outcomes (ILO’s)

• To describe and explain the different range of movement possible
• Be able to can apply the range of movement at both types of joint and use practical examples to illustrate.

starter........

Independently

what bones and joint make up the following sporting actions

KEYWORDS:

Synovial joint

Ball and socket

Hinge

Flexion

Extension

Adduction

Abduction

Rotation

*Plantar and Dorsi flexion

Keywords

Using Mind Maps - Guidelines

Presentation of Mind Maps (Plenary 1)

Hard and soft tissue injuries

Immediate and short-term effects

Group Work - Presentation

Soft tissue Injury

Regular exercise and long-term participation

Fractures

What do the following fall under

Fractures can be open (compound) or closed (simple).

Injuries can also be classified as soft tissue or hard tissue injuries.

What is weight bearing exercise? Give examples

What is non-weight bearing exercise? Give examples.

For both:

Give advantages and disadvantages of doing each type of exercise.

EXTENSION

What are the effects of young children doing weight bearing exercises?

Exercising in the right way increases bone size and strength. Resistance and weight bearing exercise is essential for bone health.

Aerobic work including walking, jogging (but not swimming and cycling) and weighting lifting decrease and even prevent bone lose/decay.

Weight bearing

Long term effects

Osteoporosis

Hard and soft tissue injuries

Ensure they are clear

Make them colourful

Change the font size and type

Should include pictures/symbols

Remember this is to be stored in your memory

Write as few words as possible

Within 4’s present you mind maps to each other and share the ideas you have:

How have you remembered/represented key pieces of information?

Has your mind map followed the guidelines set? – peer assess

Exercise has been shown to increase bone density and strength.

Stronger, denser bones are better

at carrying weight and more resistant to injury.

Increased flexibilty of the joints

Strengthening tendons, ligament and stabilising joinys

Common injuries where the small muscle fibres are torn away from their attachment to a tendon

Can be caused by a sudden overstretch or an extra muscular effort by the performer

Can be treated by the RICE principle.

Sprain (strained muscle)

Strain

Blisters

Abrasions/Grazes

Deep Cuts

Dislocation

Fracture

Bruise

A simple or closed fracture means that the bone is cracked but the skin is not broken.

A compound or open fracture means that the skin is broken and the bone is sticking out.

Soft tissue injuries involve damage to

skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments or cartilage.

Hard tissue injuries are bone injuries.

Open fractures are more serious. They usually involve blood loss.

Flexion / Extension

Task – pg.214 - 218

Facts about bones

Questions – Independent learning

Mind Map – The Skeletal System

Potential Injuries

R.I.C.E principle

Signs of fractures

Effects of exercise and potential injuries

Dislocation – hard tissue injury

A dislocation occurs when a bone is pulled or twisted out of place at a joint.

There are minor & major risks of injury involved in all sports. There are less risks in sports where teams stay on there side of the net, like volleyball & badminton. The risks increase in contact sports where players invade the territory of the other team.

Noise of bone as it breaks

Pain at the injury site

Inability to move it

Swelling with bruising later

Deforming at the point of break

Produce a mind map with 4 branches containing the following information:

* Functions of the SS

* Range of movement at joints

* Long term effects on the Skeletal System

* Injuries, first aid and Diet (not today)

What happens to bone density, ligaments and tendons during exercise? (long term)

Would the range of movement at a joint increase/decrease? Explain your answer.

What is osteoporosis? How can this be avoided?

ALL ANSWERS MUST BE IN YOUR OWN WORDS!

EXTENSION:

How might eating disorders affect the skeleton? Explain your answer.

Rest – stop playing

Ice – apply or use cold pack

Compression – apply to injury site

Elevate the injury

When the shoulder is dislocated, the humerus is pulled out of the socket on the scapula.

The injured person is usually unable to move their arm, and the shoulder loses its rounded shape.

Aim

To recognise the immediate and long-term effects and to identify potential injuries.

Individual Learning Outcomes (ILO’s)

To describe and explain the main effects of exercise on the Skeletal System, and to recognise the importance of weight bearing exercise.

Be able to recognise major and minor injuries.

Ossification

Bones continue to grow and strengthen until about the age of 18.

They stop growing in length after this age but continue to increase in density.

They deteriorate from about the age of 35.

Make notes on different kind of fractures listed below & each with a diagram, highlighting what type of sporting occasions might result in the above fractures?

Greenstick fracture

Compound/Open fracture

Closed/Simple fracture

Stress fracture

Explain the following strains, sprains and dislocations. You need to explain if they are either hard or soft tissue injuries and which you would use the RICE principle of treatment for.

Research an injury by a professional athlete and explain the circumstances.

Dislocations are very painful. They require hospital treatment to move the bone back into position.

The ligaments and tissue around the joint can take a long time to recover.

Extension – The joint extends or straightens

Flexion – The joint bends or is flexed

Keywords

Using Mind Maps - Guidelines

Presentation of Mind Maps (Plenary 1)

Hard and soft tissue injuries

Immediate and short-term effects

Group Work - Presentation

Soft tissue Injury

Regular exercise and long-term participation

Fractures

What do the following fall under

Fractures can be open (compound) or closed (simple).

Injuries can also be classified as soft tissue or hard tissue injuries.

What is weight bearing exercise? Give examples

What is non-weight bearing exercise? Give examples.

For both:

Give advantages and disadvantages of doing each type of exercise.

EXTENSION

What are the effects of young children doing weight bearing exercises?

Exercising in the right way increases bone size and strength. Resistance and weight bearing exercise is essential for bone health.

Aerobic work including walking, jogging (but not swimming and cycling) and weighting lifting decrease and even prevent bone lose/decay.

Weight bearing

Long term effects

Osteoporosis

Hard and soft tissue injuries

Ensure they are clear

Make them colourful

Change the font size and type

Should include pictures/symbols

Remember this is to be stored in your memory

Write as few words as possible

Within 4’s present you mind maps to each other and share the ideas you have:

How have you remembered/represented key pieces of information?

Has your mind map followed the guidelines set? – peer assess

Exercise has been shown to increase bone density and strength.

Stronger, denser bones are better

at carrying weight and more resistant to injury.

Increased flexibilty of the joints

Strengthening tendons, ligament and stabilising joinys

Common injuries where the small muscle fibres are torn away from their attachment to a tendon

Can be caused by a sudden overstretch or an extra muscular effort by the performer

Can be treated by the RICE principle.

Sprain (strained muscle)

Strain

Blisters

Abrasions/Grazes

Deep Cuts

Dislocation

Fracture

Bruise

A simple or closed fracture means that the bone is cracked but the skin is not broken.

A compound or open fracture means that the skin is broken and the bone is sticking out.

Soft tissue injuries involve damage to

skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments or cartilage.

Hard tissue injuries are bone injuries.

Open fractures are more serious. They usually involve blood loss.

Task – pg.214 - 218

Facts about bones

Questions – Independent learning

Mind Map – The Skeletal System

Potential Injuries

R.I.C.E principle

Signs of fractures

Effects of exercise and potential injuries

Dislocation – hard tissue injury

A dislocation occurs when a bone is pulled or twisted out of place at a joint.

There are minor & major risks of injury involved in all sports. There are less risks in sports where teams stay on there side of the net, like volleyball & badminton. The risks increase in contact sports where players invade the territory of the other team.

Noise of bone as it breaks

Pain at the injury site

Inability to move it

Swelling with bruising later

Deforming at the point of break

Produce a mind map with 4 branches containing the following information:

* Functions of the SS

* Range of movement at joints

* Long term effects on the Skeletal System

* Injuries, first aid and Diet (not today)

What happens to bone density, ligaments and tendons during exercise? (long term)

Would the range of movement at a joint increase/decrease? Explain your answer.

What is osteoporosis? How can this be avoided?

ALL ANSWERS MUST BE IN YOUR OWN WORDS!

EXTENSION:

How might eating disorders affect the skeleton? Explain your answer.

Rest – stop playing

Ice – apply or use cold pack

Compression – apply to injury site

Elevate the injury

When the shoulder is dislocated, the humerus is pulled out of the socket on the scapula.

The injured person is usually unable to move their arm, and the shoulder loses its rounded shape.

Aim

To recognise the immediate and long-term effects and to identify potential injuries.

Individual Learning Outcomes (ILO’s)

To describe and explain the main effects of exercise on the Skeletal System, and to recognise the importance of weight bearing exercise.

Be able to recognise major and minor injuries.

Ossification

Bones continue to grow and strengthen until about the age of 18.

They stop growing in length after this age but continue to increase in density.

They deteriorate from about the age of 35.

Make notes on different kind of fractures listed below & each with a diagram, highlighting what type of sporting occasions might result in the above fractures?

Greenstick fracture

Compound/Open fracture

Closed/Simple fracture

Stress fracture

Explain the following strains, sprains and dislocations. You need to explain if they are either hard or soft tissue injuries and which you would use the RICE principle of treatment for.

Research an injury by a professional athlete and explain the circumstances.

Dislocations are very painful. They require hospital treatment to move the bone back into position.

The ligaments and tissue around the joint can take a long time to recover.

Abduction/Adduction

Abduction

Movement away from the mid point of the body

Adduction

Movement towards the mid point of the body

0verview

Dorsi Flexion/Planter Flexion

Planter flexion – toes move down when heel and op of foot moves away from the body.

Dorsi Flexion – toes are up when standing on heels

Ball and Socket – shoulder & hips

(all movements)

Hinge – elbow & knee (flexion & extension)

*What is plantar and dorsi flexion?

Rotation

Your task .

Rotation

The angles do not change but the joint moves in a circular motion

In groups (see lists) identify the bones used and types of movement that occur from photo 1 to photo 2. (e.g. whilst performing a bicep curl in the gym the arm flexes at the elbow hinge joint moving the radius and ulna)

You must document your findings on the hand out and you must all present at least one part of your findings to the rest of the class.

Scrum Half pass - 1

Basketball lay up shot

Golf swing

Chip in football

Forehand in tennis

Exam Question

A

Plenary

B

TASK:

Act out a sporting action:

Identify what range of movement is used?

What is the type of joint being used?

C

1) Name the type of synovial joint at A,B and C

(3)

2) Give two range of movements possible at A and B

(4)