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CRT is a movement

"interested in studying & transforming the relationship among race, racism and power"

Confronting similar issues as civil rights & ethnic studies discourses, CRT makes a point to place these inquires "in a broader perspective that includes economics, history, context, group- and self-interest, and even feelings and the unconscious"

in order to understand the greater complexity of how race, racism and power influence, inhibit and otherwise alter the lives of individuals and the structures of the societies & cultures that contain them

CRT "contains an activist dimension," seeking not only to understand our social & cultural structures, but to change them;

CRT "sets out not only to ascertain how society organizes itself along racial lines and hierarchies, but to transform it for the better" (3)

Italian scholar, philosopher & Marxist, Antonio Gramsci has greatly influenced the evolution of social thought and analysis through his notion of "hegemony," or ideological domination/control

"When one ideology, or world view, dominates, it suppresses or stamps out, often cruelly, any other ways of explaining reality. Actually, hegemony can contain a variety of ideologies.

Some are artificial -- theoretical explanations created by academics or political activists or philosophers.

Other ideologies are "organic," which means they come from the common people's lived experiences.

[Hegemonies] consist of a culture's way of seeing and believing, and the institutions that uphold these beliefs, like religion, education, family, and the media.

Through these beliefs and institutions, society endorses the ethical beliefs and manners which "the powers that be" agree are true, or right, or logical, or moral.

The institutions and beliefs that the dominant culture supports are so powerful, and get hold of people when they are so young, that alternative ways of envisioning reality are very hard to imagine. This is how hegemony is created and maintained."

The constraints of hegemony are pervasive because ideas and beliefs are transmitted through language -- a sign-system equally constructed and perpetuated by social/cultural interactions & shaped or enforced by shifting dominant ideologies over time

Because of this, our language carries with it deeply ingrained social and cultural sign-systems, values & meanings that condition & inform our perspectives & beliefs of reality, whether or not we are actively aware of it

There is not necessarily a single dominant class in Gramsci's view- however, there seems to be many shifting and unstable relationships between social classes and groups, all in competition for dominance (power, status, or privilege)

In the height of a major political campaign (and now a presidency), the fight for ideological dominance is in high tension

In "The Media," we see this competition (or fight) constantly at play -- to a point of general distrust and uncertainty in regards to what is "true," versus what is "fact," when relaying "The News"

The ways in which the media "covers a story,"

or a politician defends their "policies,"

can reveal deeper social & cultural ideologies and beliefs that are either being challenged or upheld

by the individual, group, or party relaying the message.

We can identify these ideologies simply by

looking at HOW the message is communicated,

interpreting WHAT the intended meaning is,

and analyzing WHAT we see/hear in relation to other cultural norms, expectations and beliefs

The fight for ideological dominance has been in constant flux throughout history, and more often than not has been (and continues to be)

fought in much subtler ways than a political campaign or overt news coverage--

Ways that many of us are not explicitly aware of, like microaggressions and stereotypes, until we are placed at odds with them,

whether that is through an experience directly or witnessing acts of discrimination, marginalization or oppression against another

For the individuals and groups that hold higher social, political, economic or otherwise cultural status, privilege or power, a sense and understanding of "otherness" is typically a projection and less commonly a personal experience.

Because individuals with higher social status are not commonly placed as "Other," hegemonic ideologies that are in line with their personal beliefs and perspectives are normalized in such a way that it is difficult to recognize their social construction - let alone perceive the totality of its effects on "Others" that are subsequently marginalized, discriminated against, or oppressed by those beliefs

CRT seeks to make meaning of the social behaviors, expectations and beliefs of individuals and groups by deconstructing hegemonic ideologies in order to reveal the artifice at play within any given context

In order to do so, one must first acknowledge the phenomenology of individual perspectives, beliefs and identities, as well as the semiotic nature of "making meaning," through the use of socially constructed languages, sign-systems, behaviors, and cultures

Major Themes of CRT

There is no scientific evidence which proves to any discernible degree a biological or genetic difference - let alone objective superiority - that validates categorized "races" of humans.

Beyond differences of physical or aesthetic characteristics (like skin tone, hair, physique), there is more genetic variation within a "racial group" than between groups

75% of all known genes are present in all people

25% remaining differ in their forms,

but all of these forms are found in all groups.

Race, and subsequently racism, is a product of semiotics & phenomenology (language, culture/society, & behavior), not biology

Despite this, the characteristics used culturally to identify "race" also fail to account for other "higher-order traits" like personality, intelligence and moral behavior

Racism - the belief that there are indeed objective or "natural" differences between "races" - distances individuals from not only their sense of empathy for others, but also from a sense of accountability for the self

"Ordinary," in this sense, means "the usual way society does business, the common, everyday experience of most people of color in this country" (7)

"subtle insults (verbal, nonverbal, and/or visual) directed toward [marginalized people], often automatically or unconsciously"

- informed by larger social constructs and culturally ingrained systems of thought, and inherently displays an act of social power or dominance, even if "unintentional"

- perpetuates the naturalized idea of "race" and inherent differences between perceived races of people, despite no scientific evidence to support notions of biological superiority or inferiority between groups of people

Acts of racism and other forms of discrimination & marginalization are the behavioral results of the systematic and cultural justification - and even the denial - of the persisting history of exploitation of entire groups of people based upon their perceived difference, and therefore inferiority

CRT attempts to understand why this still is, despite "race" having no scientific ground to confirm its objective reality, and "justify" such exploitation

The limits of Being "Colorblind"

Concepts of colorblind equality "expressed in rules that insist only on treatment that is the same same across the board" works primarily to alleviate or combat "only the most blatant forms of discrimination" (7)

The ramifications of hegemonic racism throughout the histories human slavery, colonization, imperialism and otherwise exploitation, still run rampant in modern societies and cultures

Coined by African-American sociologist, W.E.B. Du Bois, "double consciousness" refers to the experience a marginalized individual has when confronting their own identity as being at odds with itself and the outside world.

(How I perceive myself, is not necessarily how others perceive me)

"It is a peculiar sensation this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness...longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be lost."

"Double Consciousness" can lead to a tremendous amount of suffering from a damaged self-image that is shaped by the ill perceptions and treatment from those in power.

A life that is marginalized by racial identity can easily become shaped by stereotypes which are perpetuated by mainstream culture as well as day-to-day interactions.

According to Du Bois racial prejudices elicit “self-questioning, self-disparagement, and lowering of ideals” among people of color

(Edles and Appelrouth).

Over time, the internalization of anti-black sentiment from the outside world thus influences the black (or otherwise "nonwhite") American experience and identity as being inherently "lesser than"

As a theoretical tool, the experience and/or recognition of "double consciousness" reveals psycho-social divisions in American society and allows for a greater understanding of these divisions through contextual analysis.

Further studies into CRT and the effects of race, racism and power show us that "double consciousness" comes as just one of many symptoms of systematic suffering and hegemonic Otherness that is upheld and perpetuated by "the powers that be."

The social construction of race, and subsequent acts of racism, serve to benefit the dominating group(s) that are in positions of power, privilege or higher status by reinforcing the notion that certain groups deserve better or lesser treatment than others.

In all, categorical divisions of race lead to further reinforcement of social classes & hierarchies - divisions that can only function through social & cultural hegemony

Because of this, there seems to be little incentive to alleviate or change the dominant social structure that already serves the racial majority, having more privilege, power, opportunity, and status than Others.

As a result, political complacency, under representation and lack of privilege, status and opportunity often leave marginalized groups feeling powerless to enact change -- a necessary feeling that attempts to keep individuals and groups from rising up and demanding change.

"No one person has single, easily stated, unitary identity...Everyone has potentially conflicting, overlapping identities, loyalties, and allegiances" (9)

Intersectionality is the examination of race, sex, gender, class, national origin, sexual orientation, and other forms of identity, and how their combinations play out in various settings for lives and personal experiences of individuals.

What happens when an individual occupies more than one of these categories?

They exist at an intersection of recognized sites of oppression

"The intersectional dilemma" occurs when an individual experiences discrimination or prejudice that crosses more than one facet of their identity that is then marginalized, or othered.

In this, intersectional identities reveal further categories and subgroups of social hierarchies and beliefs that perpetuate differences of power, privilege, opportunity and status

recognizing & legitimizing

Intersectional Identities

"The hope is that if we pay attention to the multiplicity of social life, perhaps our institutions and arrangements will better address the problems that plague us" (36)

We must actively work to identify and analyze both micro and macro states of being, status, behavior, social & cultural constructs, & histories that inform, perpetuate and reinforce systems of division, power, privilege and oppression.

Essentialism

Ideas of essentialism cross over into various forms of perceived and experienced identities - that there is something "essential" or unique about "the thing itself" that can be pinpointed and understood when it comes to oppression.

"The danger in this essentialized approach is that certain minority groups, socioeconomic classes, and sexual orientations may end up better off and others worse" (58).

At the heart of the debate between these ideologies is

the search for the "essential" phenomenon of oppression.

"The forms of that oppression may vary considerably. And if those forms, and the results they inflict in daily lives, vary, it follows that the needs and political strategies of groups [and subgroups] fighting for social change will differ from group to group."

Anti-essentialism holds that there is no singular core to the experiences and sites of oppression, power, privilege, status, etc because it is phenomenologically social.

Therefore these "sites" are always in flux, and do not have an essential core.

In this, the importance of recognizing & validating subjective, intersectional identities and experiences is all the more evident.

The pervasiveness of stereotypes, microaggressions and other forms of prejudice and discrimination are historically entrenched in our sociopolitical, economic and cultural systems and effect each individual uniquely.

These systems & behaviors govern over the lives of those born into them, and shape their unique perceptions, identities, & experiences for better or for worse.

QUIZ #7

Write at least 2-3 paragraphs engaging with HOW the play "Zoot Suit" identifies, critiques and/or otherwise calls attention to

racialized categories & experiences of social class, power, privilege and ultimately oppression

through dramatic action/storytelling.

Conclude with HOW/WHY the play is

significant in relation to CRT.

understanding hegemony....

http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hfox/gramsci.html

Examples of Cultural hegemony

Cultural Hegemony

Critical

Race Theory

His concept is explained...

Like Cultural Marxism...

This is both phenomenological and semiotic.

Race is a social construct

Supported by the results of the Human Genome Project

Racism is "ordinary"

Example: Microaggressions

(Solorzano, Ceja & Yosso 2000)

Race is socially & culturally normalized through behaviors, interactions and relationships, institutions, and so on

What is

critical race theory (crt)?

Stereotype, Prejudice & Discrimination

In addition to the issues of 'turning a blind eye' to the long histories of marginalizing and exploiting groups of people based upon ideas of race (assuming racism has "gone away"),

illustrating the powers & dangers of hegemonic ideologies and beliefs, reinforcing notions of "us" vs. "them"

ex. stereotypes, prejudices & discrimination

Importance of the "micro" and the "macro"

Cultural Appropriation

vs.

Appreciation

identity &

double consciousness

Essentialism &

Anti-essentialism

(Du Bois "The Souls of Black Folk" 1903)

(Critical Race Theory: Introduction

Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic)

Similar to "the things themselves" in Phenomenology

Do all oppressed people have something in common?

(besides their oppression)

This is the case because essentialism negates the reality & significance of intersectional identities & experience.

Recognizing these constructs as such is the first step of working towards changing them.

Racism is "beneficial..."

Golden Rule of Logic:

All A's = B's

All B's = C's

------------

Not All C's = A's

ONLY to the dominant race or social classes

"Racism advances the interests of both white elites (materially) and working class people (mentally)" (7)

(at least how I'm treated isn't as bad as ____)

Intersectionality

(CULTURAL MARXISM)

This is so in order to maintain the "haves" and the "have nots."

(even among individuals with shared "group" identities)

(racial, sexual, gendered, political, economic, or otherwise)

And experience "multiple consciousness"

BRAINSTORM

ELEMENTS

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