AP EURO - Unit 2: Age of Reformation

16th C. Society & Politics

Wars of Religion

KC-1.4.I.C Established hierarchies of class, religion, and gender continued to define social status and percpetions in rural and urban settings

• Prestige of land ownership
• Aristocratic priviledges--taxes, fees, legal
• Political exclusion of women

KC-1.4.IV.A Rural and urban households worked as units, with men and women engaged in seperate but complementary tasks.

KC-1.4.IV.B The Renaissance and Reformation raised debates about female education and women's roles in the family, church, and society.

• Women's intellect and education
• Women as preachers
• La Querelle des Femmes

"The Debate Regarding Women"

The War of the Three Henries

Spread of Protestantism

• (1588-89) fought between...
• King Henry III of France, Catholic & supported by politiques (son of Charles IX)
• King Henry of Navarre, Hugenot king, converted to Catholicism during massacre
• Henry, Duke of Guise, leader of ultra-Catholics "Holy League"

KC-1.2.III.A Issues of religious reform exacerbated conflicts between the monarchy and the nobility, as in the French Wars of Religion.

• Catherine de' Medici (Henry II dies, two sons controlled by Catherine, Charles IX)
• French nobilitiy is largely Calvinist
• Extreme Catholics (Guise Family) strict opposition to Huguenots
• Unity of France < Religious Truths
• Politiques - Public figures that who put success/well-being of state ahead of everything else

• St. Bartholomew's Day massacre - (1572) powerful duke of Guise and King's guard massacred peaceful Huguenots in Vassy (start of French Wars of Religion)...
• ...Then 3 days of Catholic mobs in Paris that killed 3,000 Huguenots

KC-1.4.III.C Social dislocation, coupled with the shifting authority of religious institutions during the Reformation, left city governments with the task of regulating public morals.

• New secular laws regulating private life
• Stricter codes on prostitution and begging
• Abolishing or restricting Carnival

KC-1.4.V.A Leisure activities continued to be organized according to the religious calendar and the agricultural cycle, and remained communal in nature.

• Saint's day festivities
• Carnival
• Blood sports

16th C. Society & Politics

Ulrich Zwingli

• Protestant Swiss priest who influenced city council to make reforms:

1. Religious relics & images were abolished

2. Paintings & decorations were removed from church walls

3. New church service consisted of Scripture reading, prayer & sermons (replaced Catholic mass)

KC-1.1.II.B Protestant reformers used the printing press to disseminate their ideas, which spurred religious reform and helped it to become widely established.

• Martin Luther
• Vernacular bibles

KC-1.2.II.B Some Protestants, inclduing Calvin and the Anabaptists, refused to recognize the subordination of the church to the secular state.

KC-1.2.II.C Religious conflicts became a basis for challenging the monarch's control of religious institutions.

• Huguenots (French Calvinists)
• Puritans (Anglican Church/Church of England)

• 1531 - War broke out in Switzerland between Protestant & Catholic states

• Zwingli was killed by his enemies

• Leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland passed to John Calvin...

John Calvin

KC-1.4.V.B Local and church authorities continued to enforce communal norms through rituals of public humiliation

• Charivari (16th C. Roast)
• Stocks
• Public whipping and branding

KC-1.4.V.C Reflecting folk ideas and social and economic upheaval, accusations of witchcraft peaked between 1580 and 1650.

• Mostly women

• 1536-Calvin began to reform city of Geneva
• Genevan Consistory
• A council of the Protestant Church of Geneva
• The consistory (court) punished people for "crimes" such as dancing, singing obscene songs, drunkenness, swearing & playing cards.

• Believes in Predestination - idea that God has predetermined groups & individuals destinies

• Calvinism spread to France, Netherlands, Scotland & central/eastern Europe

• Replaces Lutheranism as most important form of Protestantism

• Henry, Duke of Guise, takes Paris (paid by Phillip II of Spain)

• Henry III assassinates Henry, Duke of Guise

• Henry III works with Henry of Navarre (who just converted back to Calvinism) to crush the Catholic Holy League and retook Paris.

• Henry III assassinated by a monk (upset over working with a Huguenot...)

• Henry of Navarre ascends to the throne in 1594 (converts BACK to Catholicism)
• Takes title of King Henry IV
• French Wars of Religion finally over...
• (1598) issues Edict of Nantes - Ackonwledges Catholicism as official religion of France but allows Huguenots to worship freely & hold offices

KC-1.1.III.C Mannerist and Baroque artists employed distortion, drama, and illusion in their work. Monarchies, city-states, and the church commissioned these works as a means of promoting their own stature and power.

• El Greco
• Artemnisia Gentileschi, Gian Bernini, Peter Paul Rubens

Art of the 16th Century:

Mannerism & Baroque

Henry VIII

Reformation in England

• Reformation rooted in politics, not religion

• Pope was unwilling to annul Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon

• May 1533 - Thomas Craner, archbishop of Canterbury (head of highest church court in England), ruled that Henry's marriage was "null and void"

• June 1533-Anne Boleyn was crowned queen
• 3 months later their daughter Elizabeth was born

Henry VIII

• 1534-ACT OF SUPREMACY declared that the king was the "only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England" (instead of Pope)

• Henry terminated monasatries & sold their land & possessions

• 1547-Henry dies & his 9 year old son became King Edward VI

"Then they took her [Francoise Lussault] and dragged her by the hair a long way through the streets, and spying the gold braclets on her arms, without having the patience to unfasten them, cut off her wrists."

Edward VI

• During Edward's reign, church officials moved Church of England (Anglican Church) in a Protestant direction

• 1553-Edward died at the age of 15 due to tuberculosis

Religious wars continued in German states...

• Schmalkadic League - Lutheran princes formed defensive alliance against Charles

• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
• Ends religious wars in German states...
• Ackowledged Lutheranism/granted equal legal rights
• Accepted right of each German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects
• "whose realm, his religion"

Catholic Reformation

Pope Paul III reformed the Catholic Church in the 1500s with Three Chief Pillars:

KC-1.2.III.B Habsburg rulers confronted the expanded Ottoman Empire while attempting unsuccessfully to restore Catholic unity across Europe.

• Charles V
• King of Spain (1516-1556), and
• Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556)

Mary I - "Bloody Mary"

1.) The Jesuits

• Ignatius de Loyola founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
• Used education to spread message

• 1553-Mary I (Henry's daughter to Catherine of Aragon) became queen & wanted to restore England to Catholicism

• She had more than 300 Protestants burned as heretics

• As a result of her policies, England was more Protestant at the end of her reign than it was at the beginning

• Protestant, Elizabeth I becomes Queen...

2.) Reform of the Papacy

• No longer partook in dubious finanical tranactions with Italian political & military affairs

KC-1.2.III.C States exploited religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests

• France, Sweden, and Denmark in the Thirty Years' War
• Catholic Spain & Protestant England
• Phillip II attacks Elizabeth I with his Spanish Armada (1588)
• Why?
• She denied his marriage proposal (1559)
• Elizabeth supported the Dutch Calvinist revolt against Spanish rule (1568)
• Restore Catholicism in England
• Ends in disaster...

• Elizabeth I knowm for:
• Cultural Renaissance in England
• Defeating Spanish Armada
• Laid foundations for a world empire

"I speak Spanish to my God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my horse."

3.) Council of Trent

• Reaffirmed Catholic teachings
• (Faith & Good Works, 7 Sacrements, the Eucarhist, clerical celibacy)
• Forbid selling of Indulgences

Catholic Church now unified under pope's supreme leadership

Main Goal:

• Secure Europe for Catholicism

Problems:

• the French (Habsburg-Valois Wars)
• the Papacy (feared Charles's strength)
• sided with Francis I in 2nd Habsurg-Valois War-disaster for Rome)
• the Ottomans (controlled Balkans, finaly stoppped in 1529 at Vienna
• Germany's politics (over 300 states controlled by princes & largely independent of imperial authority)

The Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation (Protest of Catholic Church)

• Divided western Church into Catholic & Protestant groups

• Christian Humanists believed if people read the classics they would become more pious (religiously devout) which would lead to reform of the Church.

Criticisms of the Church

• Sold Indulgences
• document that forgave sins and reduce time in Purgatory

Martin Luther

• Sold Clerical positions

• Luther, upset over the selling of indulgences, & posted his 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg on Oct. 31, 1517.

• Thousands of copies were printed & spread to all parts of Germany

(Guttenber's Printing Press!)

• Largest land owner in Europe (1/3 of Europe)

95 Theses

(31min)

• German Catholic
• Grand Inquisitor of Heresy in Poland
• Grand Commissioner for Indulgences in Germnany

• jubilee indulgence issued by Pope Leo X (1517), sold enthusiastically by Johann Tetzel

The Quickening Rebellion

What angered Luther the most was a....

• Some clergy was illiterate

• Humanist, monk & a professor at University of Wittenberg
• Lectured on the Bible

• Catholic Church teaching:
• BOTH faith and good works

needed for salvation

• Luther's belief:
• Humans are not saved through their good works but through their faith in God alone
• AKA - Justification by faith alone
• (Becomes chief teaching of Protestant Reformation)

• 1519 - Leipzig Debate - Luther denies authority of popes and councils

• 1520 - Luther's pamphlets move him towards break with Rome

• 1521 - Luther excommunicated, summoned to Diet of Worms, and delcared an outlaw

1:09min

KC-1.2.I.B Reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin crticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice. Responses to Luther aand Calvin included religious radicals, including the Anabaptists, and other groups, such as German peasants. '

• EXAMPLES:
• Priesthood of all believers
• every believer has direct access to God & can minister
• Primacy of scripture
• Predestination
• Salvation by Faith alone

KC-1.2.I.C Some Protestant groups sanctioned the notion that wealth accumulation was a sign of God's favor and a reward for hard work.

• This was a Calvinist idea...

Historical Developments...

Legend has it...

The phrase hoc est mea corpus (this is my body) is spoken during the blessing of the Eucharist. It is said that many Priests mangled the words that it soon became the phrase "hocus pocus."

• Frustrated with ignorance of priests who were unwilling/unable to tell people to save their souls

• Became too entangled in worldly affairs and neglected their spiritual mission

• Some priests/popes were married & had kids
• Some had multiple mistresses...

Unit 2: Age of Reformation