Introducing 

Prezi AI.

Your new presentation assistant.

Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.

Loading…
Transcript

Is a condition in which a person is born with an extra chromosome. Chromosomes contain hundreds, or eve thousands, of genes. With Down Syndrome, the extra chromosome causes delays in the way of a

child develops, mentally and physically.

Down syndrome

* Trisomy 21. About 95 percent of the time, Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21 —

the child has three copies of chromosome 21 (instead of the usual two copies) in all cells. This is caused by abnormal cell division during the development of the sperm cell or the egg cell.

* Mosaic Down syndrome. In this rare form of Down syndrome, children have some cells with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This mosaic of normal and abnormal cells is caused by abnormal cell division after fertilization.

* Translocation Down syndrome. Down syndrome can also occur when part of chromosome 21and 15 or 22 becomes attached (translocated) onto another chromosome

Nursing care management

1) support family at time of diagnosis.

*infants with down syndrome are usually diagnosed at birth and parents should be informed of the diagnosis at this time.parents usually prefer that both of them be present during the informing interview so they can support one another emotionally. They appreciate receiving reading material about the syndrome.

* the nurse must carefully answer questions regarding developmental potential.

2) assist family in preventing physical problems.

* parents are encouraged to swaddle or wrap the infant tightly in a blanket before picking up the child to provide security and warmth.

*the nurse discusses with parents their feelings concerning attachment to the child.

*if the child has chronic problem of inadequate drainage of mucus. Measures to solve this problem by clearing the nose with a bulbtype syringe, rinsing the mouth with water after feeding, increasing fluid intake.

*changing the child position frequently, performing postural drainage with percussion if necessary.

*dietary intake need supervision. dietary measure such as increased fiber and fluid .the child's eating habits may need careful to prevent obesity.

3) assist in prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.

* prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling should be offered to women of advanced maternal age and who have a family history of the disorder.

* if prenatal testing indicates that fetus is affected, the nurse must allow the parents to express their feelings concerning elective abortion and support their decision to terminate or proceed with the pregnancy.

Are complex neurodevelopmental disorders of unknown etiology composed of qualitative alternations in social interaction and verbal impairment with repetitive, restricted, and stereotype behavioral patterns.

Autism

THANK YOU!

Cognitive Impairment

ETIOLOGY

Down syndrome results when abnormal cell division involving chromosome 21 occurs.

These cell division abnormalities result in extra genetic material from chromosome 21,

which is responsible for the characteristic features and developmental problems of Down

syndrome.

There are three genetic variations can cause Down syndrome:

there are multiple causes –rather than just one including environmental, hereditary ,medical problem ,biologic, and genetic factors set the stage for autism and make a child more likely to have the disorder.

There is reason to believe that genes play a major role in the development of autism. At least one group of researchers has found a link between an abnormal gene and autism. The gene may be just one of three to five or more genes that interact in some way to cause the

condition. also other factors present, such as a chemical imbalance, viruses or chemicals, or a lack of oxygen at birthand and environmental toxins

In a few cases, autistic behavior is caused by:

* Rubella (German measles) in the pregnant mother

* Encephalitis (brain inflammation)

cognitive Impairment (CI)

Diagnostic Evaluation

Is a general term that encompasses any type of mental difficulty or deficiency.

Physical examination: Children with ASD my have significant gastrointestinal symptoms( constipation) is the most common, observe of failure in eye contact, observable of abnormal function and behaviors.

Diagnostic Evaluation:

clinical manifestations

Physical examination: (small square head with upward slant to the eyes, flat nasal bridge, protruding tongue, mottled skin, and hypotonia).

chromosome analysis (genetic abnormality).

Physical problem associated with down syndrome (septal defects, thyroid dysfunction, and increase incidence of leukemia)

*Autism

* Down syndrome

clinical manifestations

1. Does not respond to name

2. Speaks in single words

3. Has difficulty understanding body language and tone of voice

4. Appears indifferent to others and prefers being alone.

5. Poor eye contact

6. Is attached to one particular toy or object

7. Does not smile

8. Hyper-sensitive senses (e.g.,covers ears and screams at certain sounds

1_hypotonic

2_mental retardation

3_incurved fifth finger

4_simian crease,

5_flattened facial feature 

6_small nose with flat nasal bridge.

7_poor muscle tone

8_short neck

Therapeutic Management

Therapeutic Management:

No cure exist for Down syndrome, a number of therapies are advocated, such as surgery to correct serious congenital anomalies. These children also benefit from evaluative echocardiography soon after birth and regular medical care. Periodic testing of thyroid function is recommended, especially if growth is severely delays.

Many behavioral programs exist to treat ASDs, applied behavioral analysis (ABA) being the most widely accepted. The objective of any good program is to reduce inappropriate behavior and increase communication and appropriate social behaviors. Behavioral plans should be structured and individualized. Parental involvement is essential. In some cases, medication is used. Antipsychotic medications are prescribed for severe behavioral problems. Medications are also used to treat occurring symptoms of anxiety, depression, and obsessive- compulsive disorders. Many medications are currently used “off label” (not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration [FDA] for use in children), but psychopharmacologic studies are underway.

Nursing care management

*In general, the objective in treatment is to promote positive reinforcement, increase social awareness of others, teach verbal communication skills, decrease unacceptable behavior.

* when these children are hospitalized, the parents are essential to planning care and ideally should stay with child as much as possible.

*nurses should recognize that not all children with ASD are the same and that they require individual assessment and treatment.

*decreasing stimulation by using a private room, avoiding extraneous auditory and visual distractions.

* children with ASD need to be introduced slowly to new situations.

* the family is encouraged to care the child in the home with the help of family support programs in many states.

Learn more about creating dynamic, engaging presentations with Prezi